0 HEAD 1 SOUR BROSKEEP 2 VERS 5.2 WINDOWS 1 DEST BROSKEEP 1 DATE 14 MAR 1998 1 CHAR ANSI 1 FILE C:\BK5\ROYAL\ROYAL.GED 0 @I1@ INDI 1 NAME Sir William /St. Clair/ 1 NAME Sinclair // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Chancellor of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1404 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1480 1 NOTE Ist Earl of Caithness 1455 & 3rd Earl of Orkney. Chancellor of Scotland from 2 CONT 1454-1456. William assisted in repelling English invasion of 1448. He was a 2 CONT regent and ambassador to England, 1461. On cession of Orkney Islands by 2 CONT Norway to King James III of Scotland in 1461, he resigned his rights in favor 2 CONT of the soverign. 1 FAMS @F2@ 1 FAMS @F1@ 1 FAMC @F151@ 0 @I2@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F1@ 0 @I3@ INDI 1 NAME William /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F1@ 0 @I4@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F3@ 1 FAMC @F1@ 0 @I5@ INDI 1 NAME Marjorie /Sutherland/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 2 PLAC Dunbeath 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F2@ 0 @I6@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Oliver St. Clair of/Rosslyn/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I7@ INDI 1 NAME William /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Caithness 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F157@ 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I8@ INDI 1 NAME Sir David St. Clair of/Swinburgh/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I9@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I10@ INDI 1 NAME John /St. Clair/ 1 NAME Bishop of /Caithness/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I11@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander, Duke of/Albany/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Albany 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1485 1 NOTE He and his brother John, Earl of Mar, were arrested by brother James III in 2 CONT 1479. Held in custody by Scottish nobles at the outbreak of war, Alexander 2 CONT escaped to England in 1482 and was recognized by English King Edward IV as 2 CONT King of Scotland. With the aid of English troops, Alexander captured Berwick 2 CONT and marched to Edinburgh, favoring peace with England, unlike brother James 2 CONT III. In the resultant rebellion among the nobles, Alexander was defeated in 2 CONT battle near Stirling and murdered later, or, killed in tournament(?), in 1485. 1 FAMS @F3@ 1 FAMC @F4@ 0 @I12@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /James/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F4@ 0 @I13@ INDI 1 NAME James II // 1 NAME "of fiery face" (large/birthmark)/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1430 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1460 1 NOTE James II reigned from 1437-1460. His father, James I, fell victim to 2 CONT conspiracy and James II, age 6, became King, 1437-1460. James II was killed 2 CONT in an Artillery demonstration, hit by "a piece of mis-framed gun that brak in 2 CONT the shooting", leaving a young James III under regency of Mary Guildres, then 2 CONT Bishop James Kennedy, and finally unscrululous Lord Boyd of Kilmarnock, high 2 CONT justican, after whom James III assumed control in 1469 when Lord Boyd died. 1 FAMS @F4@ 1 FAMC @F74@ 0 @I14@ INDI 1 NAME James /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1394 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 20/211437 2 PLAC Perth, Scotland 1 NOTE James I was the 3rd monarch from the House of Stuart, or Stewart, who reigned 2 CONT technically from 1406-1437. However, James was held prisoner in England 'til 2 CONT 1424, when a ransom was paid for his release. So, from 1406 to 1420, 2 CONT Scotland was ruled by regency, by the Duke of Albany 'til his death, then by 2 CONT regency of James' son , Murdock, the 2nd duke. James I, therefore, only 2 CONT actually ruled from 1424-1437. 1 FAMS @F74@ 1 FAMC @F6@ 0 @I16@ INDI 1 NAME Murdoch // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Murdock, the 2nd Duke, ruled in regency from 1420-1424, when James I, his 2 CONT brother, was relased by the English for ransom paid. 1 FAMC @F74@ 0 @I17@ INDI 1 NAME Robert III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1337 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1406 1 NOTE Robert III was the 2rd Stuart King of the Scots, reigning from 1390-1406. His 2 CONT name originally was John Stuart, or Stewart. He was a lame old man who with 2 CONT some reason described himself as "the worst of Kings, and the most wretched 2 CONT of men". 1 FAMS @F6@ 1 FAMC @F18@ 0 @I18@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Robert/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Robert III 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F6@ 0 @I19@ INDI 1 NAME James III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1452 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1488 1 NOTE Reigned as King of Scotland from 1460-1488. He was killed in a civil conflict 2 CONT in 1488. He had continued the policy to break powers of the great nobles. See 2 CONT Alexander, Duke of Albany. 1 FAMS @F7@ 1 FAMC @F4@ 0 @I20@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Denmark/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James III 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F7@ 0 @I21@ INDI 1 NAME James IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1473 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 1513 1 NOTE Reigned as King of Scotland from 1488-1513. 1 FAMS @F8@ 1 FAMC @F7@ 0 @I22@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Tudor/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James IV 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1489 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1541 1 NOTE Elder daughter of Henry VII, King of England and sister to the future new 2 CONT King of England, Henry VIII. This made James IV and Henry VIII 2 CONT brothers-in-law. Margaret became Queen consort to James IV, King of the 2 CONT Scots, not King of England/Great Britain. 1 FAMS @F8@ 1 FAMS @F130@ 1 FAMS @F131@ 1 FAMC @F46@ 0 @I24@ INDI 1 NAME James /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1512 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 14 1542 1 NOTE James V died 6 days after the birth of his daughter and heiress to the throne 2 CONT of Scotland, Mary Queen of Scots. He reigned as King from 1513-1542. 1 FAMS @F10@ 1 FAMS @F11@ 1 FAMC @F8@ 0 @I25@ INDI 1 NAME daughter of Francis/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1537 1 NOTE Died as a bride. 1 FAMS @F10@ 1 FAMC @F203@ 0 @I26@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of /Guise/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 1560 2 PLAC Edinburgh Castle 1 NOTE Mary Guise was reappointed regent by Arron after resigning his post, becoming 2 CONT a French policy. 1 FAMS @F11@ 1 FAMS @F12@ 0 @I27@ INDI 1 NAME du /de Longueville/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Died and left Mary of Guise free to marry James V sometimes after 1537. 1 FAMS @F12@ 0 @I28@ INDI 1 NAME Mary Queen of/Scots/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 08 1542 2 PLAC Linlithgow 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 1587 2 PLAC Executed 1 NOTE Mary was executed by Queen Elizabeth for suspicion of taking part in the 2 CONT murder or her second husband and cousin, Henry. Arron acted as regent 2 CONT during her early reign while Mary was still a child. Later, Mary of Guise, 2 CONT acted as regent. Arron had sent Mary to France for 13 years in 1548 in 2 CONT contemplation of her marrying the heir to the French throne. She did marry 2 CONT Francis II when she was 15/16 in 1558, but she returned to Scotland in 1561 2 CONT after mother Mary of Guise and husband Francis II died the same year, 1560. 1 FAMS @F13@ 1 FAMS @F14@ 1 FAMS @F15@ 1 FAMC @F11@ 0 @I29@ INDI 1 NAME Francis II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1544 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 1560 1 NOTE Arranged marriage by regent Arron of Scotland with the heir to the French 2 CONT throne. Mary had been sent to France by Arron in 1548, where she lived for 13 2 CONT years before returning to Scotland in August of 1561 after her husband died. 2 CONT Francis was sickly & weak-minded and the government was actually run by his 2 CONT uncle Francois de Lorraine, duc de Guise, and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. 1 FAMS @F13@ 1 FAMC @F380@ 0 @I30@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Stewart/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Lord of Darnley 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 10 1567 2 PLAC Kirk-of-Field, outside of Edinburgh 1 NOTE This was Mary's cousin, who was murdered and his house blown up with 2 CONT gunpowder. Bothwell was suspected to be the principle actor in the crime but 2 CONT was married by Mary in 1567. This proved very suspicious to Elizabeth, Queen 2 CONT of England, so Mary was imprisioned twice, once at the Lochleven Castle where 2 CONT she escaped, and again in May of 1568. Eventually, Mary was executed in Feb. 2 CONT of 1587. Queen Elizabeth appointed Moray and others to act as regent for 2 CONT Mary's infant son, James VI from 1567. James VI would become James I England. 1 FAMS @F14@ 0 @I31@ INDI 1 NAME Bothwell // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Apparently, he arranged the murder of Mary's 2nd husband, Henry, Lord of 2 CONT Darney. 1 FAMS @F15@ 0 @I33@ INDI 1 NAME James /I/ 1 NAME James VI, King of/Scotland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1603-1625 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 19 1566 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1625 1 REFN James I England 1 NOTE In 1582, at the age of 15, James became responsible for the Government in 2 CONT Scotland. In 1603, James found accession to the crown of England, thereby 2 CONT creating a union of crowns when Queen Elizabeth I of England died on March 2 CONT 24, 1603. She was the last of her line, having had no children, as well as her 2 CONT own legitimacy questioned by the rules of the Church with respect to divorce. 2 CONT 1st James King of Great Britain, 1603-1625, King of Scotland, 1567-1625. 1 FAMS @F16@ 1 FAMC @F14@ 0 @I34@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Denmark/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James VI/1 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F16@ 0 @I35@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1596 2 PLAC Fife, scotland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1662 1 BURI 2 PLAC Westminster Abbey 1 NOTE Bore Sophia, the mother to George I, as well as 12 other children. This 2 CONT Elizabeth is not Queen Elizabeth. 1 FAMS @F22@ 1 FAMC @F16@ 0 @I36@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1600 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1649 2 PLAC Whitehall, he was beheaded. 1 NOTE King of Great Britain, 1625-1649. Second son of James VI (James I of Great 2 CONT Britain) and Anne of Denmark. Had ongoing war with parliment and later 2 CONT Cromwell, who defeated him in battle, led to Charles I being beheaded. 2 CONT Cromwell set up a new form of government. Great Britain became a 2 CONT Commonwealt under Cromwell from 1649-1660. 1 FAMS @F17@ 1 FAMC @F16@ 0 @I37@ INDI 1 NAME Henrietta /Maria/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sister to Louis XIII of France. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1608, the first telescope was invented 2 CONT by Dutch optcian, Hans Lippershey. In 1615, Coffee was introduced into Italy 2 CONT from Turkey. 1 FAMS @F17@ 0 @I38@ INDI 1 NAME Charles II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 29 1630 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 06 1685 1 NOTE Died without legitimate children. Had numerous mistresses, including Lucy 2 CONT Walter, the Dutchesses of Cleveland and Portsmith, and Nell Gwyn, and many 2 CONT illegitimate children, most of whom he acknowledged and enobled. Then, the 2 CONT Duke of York, Charles' brother, succeeded to the throne as James VII/II. 2 CONT Historical facts of the time: In 1661, Charles II orders the corpse of Oliver 2 CONT Cromwell be disinterred, hanged and beheaded. In 1665, an outbreak of the 2 CONT Great plague began in London. No Parliament from 1682 'til Charles died. 1 FAMS @F198@ 1 FAMC @F17@ 0 @I39@ INDI 1 NAME James II // 1 NAME King James II of Great/Britain/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 04 1633 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 05 1701 1 NOTE His brother Charles II having died, James was given the crown for a few years, 2 CONT then the crown was taken away and offered to William and Mary, and accepted. 2 CONT Mary was James' daughter, who married William of Orange. As to the crown of 2 CONT Great Britain, William (William III) & Mary ruled jointly until Mary died in 2 CONT 1694. Then William died on March 19, 1702, when Mary's sister, Queen Anne, 2 CONT succeeded to the throne of Great Britain. 2 CONT . 1 FAMS @F125@ 1 FAMS @F126@ 1 FAMC @F17@ 0 @I40@ INDI 1 NAME Robert II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1316 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1390 1 NOTE Robert II reigned as King of the Scots /King of Scotland from 1371-1390. When 2 CONT he succeeded David II in 1371, he was 55 years old and already worn out by 2 CONT a strenuous public life. He was the first monarch from the House of Stuart, 2 CONT or Stewart, to reign. 1 FAMS @F18@ 1 FAMC @F96@ 0 @I41@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Robert/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Robert II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F18@ 0 @I42@ INDI 1 NAME David II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1321 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1371 1 NOTE Son of Robert Bruce, succeeded his father at 5 years of age, but in 1331, 2 CONT just after coronation, Edward de Baliol, an English-backed claimant to the 2 CONT throne disposed him. David lived in exile in France for 8 years, & 5 years 2 CONT later was defeated in battle & incarcerated for 11 years 'til ransom released 2 CONT him in 1357. Thereafter, David regained his throne and enjoyed friendly 2 CONT relations with the English. His nephew, Robert II, succeeded him in 1371, the 2 CONT founder of the Stuart (Stewart) dynasty. 1 FAMS @F197@ 1 FAMC @F95@ 0 @I44@ INDI 1 NAME Mary II // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 30 1662 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 28 1694 1 NOTE Ruled jointly with cousin/husband William when crown was taken from father, 2 CONT James II of Great Britain. Parliament offered joint power to her and husband 2 CONT William, then William III. After they both died, Mary's sister, Anne, became 2 CONT Queen Anne of Great Britain. Mary was 15 years old when she married William 2 CONT of Orange, later William III. 1 FAMS @F20@ 1 FAMC @F125@ 0 @I45@ INDI 1 NAME Anne // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 06 1665 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 01 1714 1 NOTE Ruled as Queen Anne after her sister, Mary II, and husband William III died. 2 CONT although there were many pregnancies with her marriage to Prince George, none 2 CONT survived and she was succeeded by Hanoverian George I, descendant of James I. 1 FAMS @F21@ 1 FAMC @F125@ 0 @I46@ INDI 1 NAME William III // 1 NAME William of /Orange/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 14 1650 2 PLAC Hague, Holland 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 19 1702 1 NOTE Ruled jointly with Mary 'til she died in 1694, then ruled alone 'til his 2 CONT death in March of 1702. Then Mary's sister, Anne became Queen, as there were 2 CONT no children from his marriage to Mary II. 1 FAMS @F20@ 1 FAMC @F127@ 0 @I47@ INDI 1 NAME Prince George of/Denmark/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Denmark 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1653 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1708 1 NOTE Historical facts of the time: In 1700, Johann Denner invented the Clarinet. 2 CONT In 1701, Captain Kidd was hanged for piracy. In 1702, England declared war on 2 CONT France and Spain, Queen Anne began war in America when the British attacked 2 CONT Saint Augustine in Florida, and the indians and French massacred British 2 CONT settlers in Deerfield, Mass.. Also in 1702, the first daily newspaper, The 2 CONT Daily Courant, was published in London. 1 FAMS @F21@ 0 @I48@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1596 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1632 1 NOTE He was the King of Bohemia from 1619-1620, but was stripped of his electorate 2 CONT in 1623. 1 FAMS @F22@ 1 FAMC @F618@ 0 @I49@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU electress 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1630 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1714 1 NOTE Was to become mother to George I, King of Great Britain. She married Earnest 2 CONT Augustus when she was 17 years old. 1 FAMS @F23@ 1 FAMC @F22@ 0 @I50@ INDI 1 NAME Ernest /Augustus/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1629 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1698 1 NOTE Father to George I, King of Great Britain. 1 FAMS @F23@ 0 @I51@ INDI 1 NAME George /I/ 1 NAME George /Louis/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 28 1660 2 PLAC Osnabruck, Hannover 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 11 1727 2 PLAC Osnabruck, Hannover 1 NOTE George never learned English and spent much of his life away from Great 2 CONT Britain, to the outrage of his British subjects. Hannover is now lower 2 CONT Saxony, Germany. He was also Elector of Hannover, 1698-1727, as well as King 2 CONT of Great Britain from 1714-1727. Historical facts of the time: In 1718, 2 CONT Blackbeard the pirate was killed by militia. In 1719, James Figg became the 2 CONT first boxing champion in England, and one of the first Cricket matches was 2 CONT played when London met Kent. 1 FAMS @F24@ 1 FAMC @F23@ 0 @I52@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia /Dorothea/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/George I 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 13 1666 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 23 1726 2 PLAC Schloss Ahlden, Lower Saxony (Germany) 1 NOTE Sophia, a cousin to her husband George I, was accused of adultery by George, 2 CONT then divorced and incarcerated from 1694 'til she died in 1726 - 32 years! 2 CONT Her marriage was an unhappy one. Her mother-in-law hated her, and this 2 CONT feeling was soon shared by her husband. Under these circumstances she made 2 CONT the acquaintance of Count Philipp Christoph von Konigsmark, who assisted her 2 CONT in one or two attempts to escape from Hanover and who was regarded as her 2 CONT lover. The Count assassinated,1694; Sophia imprisoned in the castle of Ahlden. 1 FAMS @F24@ 1 FAMC @F602@ 0 @I53@ INDI 1 NAME George II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 10 1683 2 PLAC Herrenhausen Palace in Hannover 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 25 1760 2 PLAC Kensington Palace, London, England 1 NOTE George II was raised as a German prince. Like his father, George I, he was 2 CONT more interested in the affairs of Hannover than of Great Brtiain. His wife, 2 CONT Caroline, frequently acted as regent in London. When he died in 1760, he was 2 CONT succeeded by his grandson, George III. He ruled on the British throne from 2 CONT 1727-1760, and was Elector of Hannover from 1727-1760. 1 FAMS @F25@ 1 FAMC @F24@ 0 @I54@ INDI 1 NAME Caroline of /Ansbach/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/George II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Caroline frequenlty acted as regent for her husband, the King, in British 2 CONT affairs in London. 1 FAMS @F25@ 0 @I55@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /Louis/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Frederick was the eldest son of George II, and, the Prince of Wales 2 CONT from 1707-1751. Frederick's eldest son would become George III, King. 1 FAMS @F26@ 1 FAMC @F25@ 0 @I56@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Frederick/Louis/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Mother to be of George III, King. 1 FAMS @F26@ 0 @I57@ INDI 1 NAME George III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 04 1738 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 29 1820 2 PLAC Windsor Palace, London, England 1 NOTE George III was the 1st of the Hannoverian kings to be born and educated as an 2 CONT Englishman. Poor health would follow him. From 1765 on he developed dementia 2 CONT and in 1809 he became blind. Although he ruled technically from 1760-1820, 2 CONT his son, George IV, acted as regent from 1811 due to his father's poor health. 2 CONT George III was also Elector of Hannover from 1815-1820. 1 FAMS @F27@ 1 FAMC @F26@ 0 @I58@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /George/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts of this time: In 1731, The Gentlemens' Magazine, the 1st 2 CONT magazine, was published in London. In 1739, John Wesley Founded the 1st 2 CONT Methodist religious movement. 1 FAMS @F27@ 0 @I59@ INDI 1 NAME George IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 12 1762 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 26 1830 2 PLAC Windsor Palace, London, England 1 NOTE He ruled from 1820-1830, and was King of Hannover from 1820-1830. his 2 CONT marriage to Maria Anne was short-lived, for she was a Catholic, and He 2 CONT allowed Parliament to declare the marriage illegal. In 1795, he married his 2 CONT cousin, Caroline of Brunswick. This marriage did not go well. He deserted 2 CONT Caroline from 1813 on, and she lived much of her time in Italy. George was 2 CONT ultimately succeeded by his brother, William IV; the third son of George III. 1 FAMS @F28@ 1 FAMS @F29@ 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I60@ INDI 1 NAME Mrs. Maria Anne/Fitzherbert/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1765 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1837 1 NOTE Historical facts of this time: In 1750, the waltz became a popular dance in 2 CONT Europe. In 1754, the French attack against the English in Ohio lead to the 2 CONT last French and Indian War. In 1768, the 1st weekly numbers of the 2 CONT Encylopaedia Britannica are issued. In 1770, a brawl between British troops 2 CONT and colonists leads to the Boston Massacre. In 1773, American colonists throw 2 CONT Boston tea into the Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. In 1774, Rhode 2 CONT Island becomes the 1st state in America to abolish slavery. 1 FAMS @F28@ 0 @I61@ INDI 1 NAME Caroline of /Brunswick/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1768 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1821 1 NOTE Caroline, the Queen consort of George IV, was the daughter of Charles William 2 CONT Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (1735-1806). Her uncle, George III arranged the 2 CONT marriage to his son, George IV, Prince of Wales, in 1795, but George IV 2 CONT didn't like her, so after their daughter was born in 1796, he ultimately 2 CONT deserted her from 1813 on. She spent much of her final years in Italy. 1 FAMS @F29@ 1 FAMC @F211@ 0 @I62@ INDI 1 NAME Charlotte /Augusta/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess/Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1796 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1817 1 NOTE Princess, a daughter to King George IV. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1775, British troops and the colonial 2 CONT militia clash at Lexington, starting the American Revolution. In 1776, the 2 CONT Continential Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence and the Stars 2 CONT and Strips for the American flag. In 1780, the Derby horse race is 2 CONT established in England. In 1781, the British, under Cornwallis, surrender to 2 CONT the Americans at Yorktown. In 1782, peace talks open in Paris. 1 FAMS @F215@ 1 FAMC @F29@ 0 @I63@ INDI 1 NAME William IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 21 1765 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1837 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of George III and younger brother of George IV. About 1791 2 CONT he made a liaison with Irish actress dorothea Jordon (1762-1816) and they 2 CONT went on to have 10 children. In 1818, after he unexpectedly came in line for 2 CONT the throne, he married a German Princess. She bore him 2 daughters, both dying 2 CONT in infancy, so William was succeeded by his niece, Victoria. He reigned as 2 CONT King from 1830-1837, & Hannover 1830-37 succeeding his brother, George the IV. 2 CONT Hannover was inherited by brother Ernest Augustus, (1771-1851). 1 FAMS @F30@ 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I64@ INDI 1 NAME Ernest /Augustus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hannover 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1771 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1851 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I65@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide of /Saxe-Meiningen/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1792 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1849 1 NOTE This German Princess had 2 daughters, both dying in infancy, which left no 2 CONT direct heirs to the throne through William IV. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1783, the Independence of the U.S. is 2 CONT recognized by the British at the Treaty of Paris. In 1785, New York City 2 CONT became temporary capital of the U.S.. In 1789, the 1st National Thanksgiving 2 CONT Day is celebrated in the U.S. and George Washington is elected as first U.S. 2 CONT president. In 1791, the Bill of Rights is ratified and the First Bank founded. 1 FAMS @F30@ 0 @I66@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /Augustus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Kent & Strathearn 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1767 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1820 1 NOTE The 4th son of George III and the Duke of Kent. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1792, the dollar is selected as U.S. unit 2 CONT of currency. In 1793, the cornerstone of the Capital Building is layed by 2 CONT George Wasington. In 1796, a portrait of George Washington is painted by 2 CONT Gilbert Stuart, used later on the dollar bill. In 1799, Britain becomes the 2 CONT 1st to introduce a national income tax. In 1800, the Library of Congress is 2 CONT founded and the seat of the U.S. Government is set up in Washington, D.C.. 1 FAMS @F31@ 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I67@ INDI 1 NAME Mary Louisa /Victoria/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1786 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1861 1 NOTE Mary Louisa was the daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1803, France sells Louisiana to U.S.. In 2 CONT 1816, the building of the 1st U.S. National Road, the 1st U.S. Federal 2 CONT Highway, begins in Maryland. In 1812, begins the War of 1812 between the U.S. 2 CONT and Britain, and the 1st coal gas generating station is chartered in London 2 CONT to provide gas lighting. In 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812. 2 CONT In 1818, Mary Shelly published novel, Frankenstein. (youngest daughter). 1 FAMS @F31@ 1 FAMC @F213@ 0 @I68@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria // 1 NAME Alexandrina Victoria, /birth/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 24 1819 2 PLAC Kensington Palace, London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1901 1 NOTE Victoria became Queen of United kingdom and Ireland (1837-1901) when she was 2 CONT 18 years old, and Empress of India in 1876-1901. She married Albert of 2 CONT Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840 after a glorious romance, and they had 9 children. 2 CONT Victoria had the title of Prince bestowed upon her husband, so he became 2 CONT Prince Albert, by English standards. She reigned 63 years: longest in history. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: English inventor John Walker invents friction 2 CONT matches. In 1828, Noah Webster publishes American Dictionary of English. 1 FAMS @F32@ 1 FAMC @F31@ 0 @I69@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Albert/ 1 NAME Franz Albrecht Augustus Karl/Emmanuel/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince consort/Victoria 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1819 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1861 1 NOTE Albert was Victoria's 1st cousin. He died of typhoid fever at age 42. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1837, Charles Wheatstone designs electric 2 CONT telegraph system and Louis Daguerre invents method of taking permanent 2 CONT photographs. In 1840, the 1st adhesive postage stamp is issued in London, but 2 CONT the 1st U.S. stamp is issued in 1847. Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in 2 CONT 1848, starting the California Gold Rush. In 1861, the Confederate States 2 CONT declare Independence, and the U.S. Civil War begins at Fort Sumter. 1 FAMS @F32@ 1 FAMC @F224@ 0 @I70@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria // 1 NAME Victoria Adelaide Mary/Louise/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Germany 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 21 1840 2 PLAC London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 05 1901 2 PLAC Schloss Friedrichshof, Kronberg,Germany 1 NOTE She would become Empress of Germany. Well-educated and multilingual from 2 CONT childhood (largely spent at Windsor and Buckingham palace) she stayed strongly 2 CONT devoted to England. She was again subject to estrangement, for her son, the 2 CONT new emperor William II, was thoroughly Prussianized. Although later somewhat 2 CONT reconciled to him, she semiretired to Kronberg in the Taunus Hills, where she 2 CONT built a palatial country seat, Schloss Fredrichshof. She died of cancer, 2 CONT outliving her mother by only six months. 1 FAMS @F237@ 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I71@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /VII/ 1 NAME Albert /Edward/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of United Kingdom 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 09 1841 2 PLAC Buckingham Palace, London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1910 1 NOTE Edward would become Edward VII, King of United Kingdom and Ireland, after 2 CONT being the Prince of Wales. He traveled much through his early years as Prince 2 CONT of Wales. As well, his horses won the Derby in 1896, 1900, &1909 & the Grand 2 CONT National in Liverpool in 1900. He and Queen Alexandra had 2 sons and 3 2 CONT Daughters. Prince Albert Victor would be the Duke of Clarence, and George, the 2 CONT Duke of York, would succeed his father as King George V. Edward VII ruled as 2 CONT King and as Emperor of India from 1901-1910. 1 FAMS @F33@ 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I72@ INDI 1 NAME Alexandra // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward VII 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1844 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1925 1 NOTE Queen Alexandra was the daughter of King Christian of Denmark. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1871, P.T. Barnum launches the traveling 2 CONT circus. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone and the Souix 2 CONT Indians defeat General Custer at the Little Bighorn. In 1877, Thomas Edison 2 CONT invents the 1st workable electric light, and in 1879 invents the Phonograph. 2 CONT 1883, the 1st skyscraper is built in Chicago by William Lebaron (10 stories), 2 CONT and Cyrus H.K. Curtis publishes the 1st Lady's Home Journal magazine. 1 FAMS @F33@ 1 FAMC @F210@ 0 @I73@ INDI 1 NAME George /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 03 1865 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 20 1936 2 PLAC Sandringham House, Norfolk 1 NOTE George was the Duke of York before he succeeded his father in 1910. 2 CONT When his elder brother died in 1892, and after Victoria died, he became 2 CONT Prince of Wales before becoming King when he did succeed his father in1910. 2 CONT During WW I, the King denounced all German titles belonging to him and his 2 CONT family and changed the name of the Royal House to Windsor, from the House of 2 CONT Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. George V would be succeeded by his son, Edward VIII in 2 CONT 1936. 1 FAMS @F34@ 1 FAMC @F33@ 0 @I74@ INDI 1 NAME Prince Albert /Victor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Clarence 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1864 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1892 1 NOTE There were a total of 5 children in this union. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1886, the Coca-Cola Company is founded, 2 CONT and the Statue of Liberty is unveiled in New York City. In 1888, John H. Loud 2 CONT patented the 1st ballpoint pen, Kodak introduced the box camera by George 2 CONT Eastman, Jack the Ripper kills 7 women in London, and the 1st National 2 CONT Geographic Magazine is published. In 1890, the Souix Indians are massacred at 2 CONT the battle of Wounded Knee. 1 FAMC @F33@ 0 @I75@ INDI 1 NAME Princess Maude Charlotte Mary/Victoria/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1869 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1938 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1898, the U.S. Army used the 1st 2 CONT machine gun in the battle of Santiago (the Spanish-American War). 1 FAMS @F160@ 1 FAMC @F33@ 0 @I76@ INDI 1 NAME Mary // 1 NAME Princess Victoria Mary/Augusta/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1911-1936 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1867 2 PLAC Kingsington Palace, London 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1953 1 NOTE "Mary" was his brother's (who died in 1892) fiancee. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1903, Jack London publishes Call of the 2 CONT Wild, Orville Wright makes 1st flight of self-propelled airplane, and the 1st 2 CONT World Series of baseball is played. In 1908, William Durant founds General 2 CONT Motors, Robert Ballen-Powell founds the Boy Scouts, Charles Pathe produces 2 CONT the 1st motion picture newsreel, Ford Motors produces 1st Model-T automobiles 2 CONT and the NAACP is founded. 1 FAMS @F34@ 1 FAMC @F610@ 0 @I77@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /VIII/ 1 NAME Edward Albert, birth/name/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 23 1894 2 PLAC White Lodge, Richmond Park 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 28 1972 2 PLAC Paris 1 NOTE Edward VIII was proclaimed King in 1936 when his father died. He loved a Mrs. 2 CONT Wallis Warfield Simpson, a twice divorcee, but was forced to abdicate his 2 CONT crown in the name of love to marry Mrs. Simpson (1896-1986) in June of 1937. 2 CONT The date of the abdication was December 11, 1936, in favor of his brother, 2 CONT the Duke of York, and George VI became King, and Edward became the Duke of 2 CONT Windsor, living the life of a British citizen in the U.S. and France after WW 2 CONT II, and died in Paris, 1972. His wife, Wallis, died in 1986. 1 FAMS @F35@ 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I78@ INDI 1 NAME George /VI/ 1 NAME Albert Frederick George, was birth/name/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 14 1895 2 PLAC Sandringham House, Norfolk 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 06 1952 2 PLAC Sandringham House, Norfolk 1 NOTE Second in line for the crown, his Brother, Edward VIII, abdicated the same 2 CONT year their father died, so George VI was proclaimed King in late 1936 and 2 CONT served as King of Great Britain 'til 1952, and as Emperor of India from 1936 2 CONT to 1947 when the title was abolished. He was succeeded by his daughter, Queen 2 CONT Elizabeth II. 1 FAMS @F36@ 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I79@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria Alexandra Alice/Mary/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1897 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1965 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1945, atomic bombs were dropped on 2 CONT Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to the end of World War II in Asia with 2 CONT Japan. In 1947, the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of Hebrew documents, are 2 CONT discovered. In 1948, the transistor is invented in the by Bell Labortories in 2 CONT the U.S.. In 1949, the Communist Soviet Union detonated its 1st atomic bomb 2 CONT and establishes Communist East Germany, having already created the "Iron 2 CONT Curtain" in 1946. Communism is spreading throughout the world. 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I80@ INDI 1 NAME Henry William Frederick/Albert/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Gloucester 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1900 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1974 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I81@ INDI 1 NAME George Edward Alexander/Edmund/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Kent 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1902 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1942 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1914, World War I in Europe between 2 CONT France, Russia, Britain against Germany. Also, the Panama canal is opened 2 CONT linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1915, Albert Einstein formulates 2 CONT his Theory of Relativity. In 1916, Margaret Sanger is arrested for opening a 2 CONT birth-control clinic in Brooklyn, New York. In 1917, the U.S. enters the war 2 CONT in Europe, & the earliest jazz recording is made. In 1918, Air mail service 2 CONT starts and an influenza pandemic begins, killing 21-22 million in 2 years. 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I82@ INDI 1 NAME John Charles /Francis/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1905 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1919 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1918, the Mount Wilson observatory is 2 CONT installed with the world's largest telescope. In 1925, Clarence Birdseye 2 CONT begins his Quick-Frozen packages. In 1928, Mickey Mouse is introduced by Walt 2 CONT Disney. In 1929, a Wall Street crash leads to world-wide economic depression. 2 CONT In 1931, the Empire State Building in New York becomes the world's tallest 2 CONT building, and the Star-Spangled Banner becomes the U.S. National Anthem. 2 CONT In 1933, Franklin Rosevelt is inagurated as 32nd President of the U. S.. 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I83@ INDI 1 NAME Wallis Warfield /Simpson/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1896 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1986 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1939, Germany invades Poland, starting 2 CONT World War II in Europe. In 1941, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor starting war with 2 CONT the U.S. and the world in Asia. In 1942, Adolf Hitler, the German Furher, 2 CONT proposes the Final Solution to the Jewish Question and the Holocaust begins. 2 CONT In 1943, Robert Oppenheimer establishes the Los Alamos Laboratory to build 2 CONT the atomic bomb. In 1944, on D-Day, allied troops land at Normany, leading to 2 CONT the end of World War II in Europe in April, 1945. 1 FAMS @F35@ 0 @I84@ INDI 1 NAME Lady Elizabeth /Bowes-Lyon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort of GB 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1900 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In1936, Boulder Dam is completed as well 2 CONT as the Golden Gate Bridge, and Margaret Mitchel publishes her only book, 2 CONT Gone with the Wind, made into a motion picture in 1939. Also in 1939, Igor 2 CONT Sikorsky Develops the 1st successful helicopter, Paul Muller discovers DDT, 2 CONT later outlawed in the U.S. in 1972, and the HE 176, 1st jet airplane, takes 2 CONT to the air in Germany. In 1942, Bing Crosby records White Christmas, song by 2 CONT Irving Berlin. 1 FAMS @F36@ 0 @I85@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth II // 1 NAME Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, birth/name/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1926 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1950, Communist North Korea invades 2 CONT South Korea. In 1951, Lucille Ball begins her "I Love Lucy" series, U.S. 2 CONT homes have 10-million television sets, and Univac, the first commercial 2 CONT computer is accepted by the U.S. Census Bureau. In 1952, British de Havilland 2 CONT Comet becomes 1st jet airliner to enter service, and the 1st automatic 2 CONT pinsetter is installed in a bowling alley in Brooklyn, NY.. In mid-1953, 2 CONT Armistice ends the Korean War. 1 FAMS @F37@ 1 FAMC @F36@ 0 @I86@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Rose/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 21 1930 2 PLAC Glamis Castle, Scotland 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1953, the 1st heart-lung machine is 2 CONT developed by Dr. John Gibbon, and Hugh Hefner publishes the 1st Playboy 2 CONT Magazine, with Marilyn Monroe on the cover, moving on to star in her 1953 2 CONT movie, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. In 1954, a U.S. Supreme Court decision 2 CONT prohibits racial segregation in the Public Schools. 1 FAMS @F129@ 1 FAMC @F36@ 0 @I87@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Philip/ 1 NAME Philip /Mountbatton/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 10 1921 2 PLAC Kerkira, Greek Island 1 NOTE Duke of Edinburgh was married by Queen Elizabeth in 1947. He was the son of 2 CONT Prince Andrew of Greece, and the Great-Great grandson of Queen Victoria. 1 FAMS @F37@ 0 @I88@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Charles/ 1 NAME Charles Philip Arthur/George/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 14 1948 2 PLAC Buckingham Palace, London, England 1 NOTE Prince of Wales and heir to the throne his mother holds as Queen. 2 CONT He served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971-1977. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1961, the Berlin Wall is constructed, 2 CONT separating east and west Berlin, as the "cold war" continues between the U.S. 2 CONT and Communist U.S.S.R., starting just after WW II, into 1989. In 1962, the 2 CONT U.S. Supreme Court rules that school prayers are a violation of the 1st 2 CONT Amendment. In 1963, John Kennedy is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. 1 FAMS @F38@ 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I89@ INDI 1 NAME Anne // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1950 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his 2 CONT "I have a dream" speech in Washington, D.C. In 1964, the U.S.Civil Rights Act 2 CONT Prohibits discrimination in employment. In 1965, the U.S. Government 2 CONT establishes Medicare and Medicaid Health Care. In 1968, anti-Vietnam War 2 CONT demonstrators clash with police during the Democratic National Convention, 2 CONT and candidate Robert Kennedy is assassinated. In 1969, the U.S. lands the 1st 2 CONT men on the moon, and Sesame Street, children's TV program, is first aired. 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I90@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Andrew/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of York 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1960 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1973, the Paris Peace Accord ends the 2 CONT Vietnam War. In 1974, an army of life-size pottery figures is discovered in 2 CONT a Ch'in dynasty tomb. In 1974, Richard Nixon resigns as President of the U.S. 2 CONT and Gerald Ford succeeds him. In 1976, an earthquake in China kills 600,000, 2 CONT the U.S. celebrates its Bicentennial, and the U.S. Viking spacecraft lands on 2 CONT planet Mars. In 1977, George Lucas directs the 1st Star Wars movie, a man 2 CONT named Elvis dies, and the 1st Apple II computer is marketed in the U.S.. 1 FAMS @F962@ 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I91@ INDI 1 NAME Edward // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1964 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1979, the 1st case of AIDS is reported. 2 CONT In 1981, Iran releases the U.S. hostages about the day Ronald Reagan is 2 CONT inagurated as President, and the 1st Space Shuttler is launched. In 1983, the 2 CONT 1st compact disc is introduced for recording music. In 1989, demonstrations 2 CONT in east Germany lead to the demolition of the Berlin Wall and the demise of 2 CONT a bankrupt Communist Soviet Union, and the end of the "cold War". In 1990, 2 CONT Iraq invades Kuwait, beginning the Persian Gulf War. 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I92@ INDI 1 NAME Lady Diana Frances/Spencer/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Wife of future King 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUL 01 1961 2 PLAC Sandringham, Norfolk, England/Park House 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 31 1997 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE Diana, the daughter of 8th Earl of Spencer married Prince Charles and bore him 2 CONT two sons. After she learned of Prince Charles' Affair with Camilla Parker 2 CONT Bowles, she attempted suicide on June 15, 1992. She became the most 2 CONT photographed person in the world and one of the most adored by her British 2 CONT subjects. The couple separated in 1992. On August 28, 1996, they Divorced. 2 CONT On August 31, 1997, Diana was killed in an auto accident in Paris, leaving a 2 CONT very stunned world, but a fortune valued at $65 million to her sons. 1 FAMS @F38@ 1 FAMC @F39@ 0 @I93@ INDI 1 NAME Prince William Arthur Philip/Louis/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 21 1982 1 FAMC @F38@ 0 @I94@ INDI 1 NAME Prince Henry Charles Albert/David/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 15 1984 1 FAMC @F38@ 0 @I95@ INDI 1 NAME Edward John /Spencer/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 8th Earl of Spencer 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F39@ 0 @I96@ INDI 1 NAME Frances Ruth Rurke/Roche/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F39@ 1 FAMC @F963@ 0 @I97@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 28 1491 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 28 1547 1 NOTE Between 1529 & 1536, the Angilican Church of England was recognized as a 2 CONT a national church independent of papal jurisdiction. Henry VIII, vexed at the 2 CONT refusal of Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, 2 CONT induced Parliament to inact a series of statutes denying the Pope any power 2 CONT or jurisdiction over the Church of England. Sadly, even with 6 wives and 3 2 CONT children who would become 1 King and 2 Queens, there were no further direct 2 CONT descendants leading back to Henry VIII. 1 FAMS @F40@ 1 FAMS @F41@ 1 FAMS @F42@ 1 FAMS @F43@ 1 FAMS @F44@ 1 FAMS @F45@ 1 FAMC @F46@ 0 @I98@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine of /Aragon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1485 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1536 1 NOTE Catherine was Henry's brother's widow, having been bethrothed to Henry 2 CONT through Papal dispensation secured in 1503. Henry claimed this was invalid. 2 CONT He divorced her for failing to produce a male heir. Her only surving child 2 CONT was Mary Tudor, who would later become Mary I, Queen of England. Mary would 2 CONT later be succeeded by her half sister, Elizabeth I, only child of Henry's 2 CONT and his 2nd wife, Anne Boleyn. The Archbishop of Canterbury declared 2 CONT Catherine's marriage void to allow Henry to marry his "love", Anne Boleyn. 1 FAMS @F40@ 1 FAMS @F47@ 1 FAMC @F294@ 0 @I99@ INDI 1 NAME Mary /I/ 1 NAME Mary /Tudor/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 18 1516 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 17 1558 1 NOTE Mary was succeeded later by Elizabeth, her half sister. Mary was the only 2 CONT surviving child of Henry and Catherine Aragon. There were three children of 2 CONT Henry VIII who became Queens/King in succession. All three had different 2 CONT mothers: Edward VI, son of Jane Seymore, Mary I, Daughter of Catherine of 2 CONT Aragon, and finally, Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. Mary I was known as 2 CONT Bloody Mary because of the large number of religious persecutions during her 2 CONT reign. Almost 300 were condemned to death in trials of heresy. 1 FAMS @F376@ 1 FAMC @F40@ 0 @I100@ INDI 1 NAME Anne /Boleyn/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1536 1 NOTE Anne was a beautiful young lady-in-waiting for Queen Catherine of Aragon. She 2 CONT had one child, Elizabeth, who would become Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 2 CONT succeeding her half sister, Mary I, aka, Mary Tudor. In 1536, Henry claimed 2 CONT Anne guilty of incest and adultery, for which Anne was executed. For the 2 CONT divorce, Henry was excommunicated from the church, but set the way for the 2 CONT Church of England. 1 FAMS @F41@ 1 FAMC @F51@ 0 @I101@ INDI 1 NAME Jane /Seymore/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Henry married Jane a few days after Anne Boleyn was beheaded, but Jane died 2 CONT after bearing Henry's only "legitimate" son, Edward, who would become Edward 2 CONT VI, King. 2 CONT Historical fact of the time: In 1498, the toothbrush was invented by a 2 CONT Chinese dentist. 1 FAMS @F42@ 0 @I102@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 12 1537 2 PLAC Hampton Court 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 06 1553 2 PLAC Greenwich 1 NOTE Edward was Henry's only "legitimate" son. He ruled from 1547-1553 and was the 2 CONT last in the male line of the house of Tudor. Edward became seriously ill with 2 CONT tuberculosis in 1553, dying at Greenwich mid-year. 1 FAMC @F42@ 0 @I103@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Cleves/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Henry married her to form a tie between England and the Protestant Princes of 2 CONT Germany, but Anne was "unattractive", and the political need was no longer to 2 CONT his advantage. He then divorced her the same year and married #5, Catherine 2 CONT Howard. 1 FAMS @F43@ 0 @I104@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /Howard/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1542 1 NOTE Catherine was executed in 1542 for "having been unchaste prior to marriage 2 CONT and for having committed adultery". 1 FAMS @F44@ 0 @I105@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /Parr/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Catherine Parr was the only wife to survive Henry when he died in 1547. 1 FAMS @F45@ 0 @I106@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 28 1457 2 PLAC Pembroke Castle, Pembokeshire 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 21 1509 2 PLAC Richmond, Surrey 1 NOTE First King of the House of Tudor. Killed King Richard III on the field of 2 CONT battle, August 22, 1485, at Bosworth. When he married Elizabeth, daughter of 2 CONT Edward IV, the marriage unified the two houses of York and Lancaster. He was 2 CONT succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. 1 FAMS @F46@ 1 FAMC @F79@ 0 @I107@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth of /York/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VII 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1465 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1503 1 NOTE She was the youngest daughter of Edward IV, uniting the house of York and the 2 CONT house of Lancaster, ending the Wars of the Roses. 1 FAMS @F46@ 1 FAMC @F53@ 0 @I108@ INDI 1 NAME Arthur // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F47@ 1 FAMC @F46@ 0 @I110@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess of Richmond 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 31 1443 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 29 1509 1 NOTE Direct descendant of John Gaunt, who is the blood link from the past royal 2 CONT members of the crown. Margaret is also Countess of Derby. 1 FAMS @F79@ 1 FAMC @F75@ 0 @I111@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of England/Ireland 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 1533 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1603 1 NOTE She was called, "Good Queen Bess." Francis Bacon quoted her as saying, "Anger 2 CONT makes dull men witty, but keeps them poor." She wanted to be remembered as 2 CONT the virgin Queen, for she never married nor bore children. See James VI/I. 2 CONT She succeeded her half sister, Mary I and was succeeded by James I who was the 2 CONT King of Scotland, therefore, creating a "union of the crowns" of all of Great 2 CONT Britain. Ruled as Queen from 1558-1603. 1 FAMC @F41@ 0 @I115@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Thomas /Boleyn/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Wiltshire/Ormmode 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1477 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1539 1 FAMS @F51@ 0 @I116@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir Thomas/Boleyn/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F51@ 0 @I118@ INDI 1 NAME Edward IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 28 1442 2 PLAC Rouen, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 08 1483 2 PLAC Westminster 1 NOTE Edward IV established the house of York on the English throne. He was the son 2 CONT of the 3d Duke of York, Richard Plantagenet, 1411-1460. He was succeeded by 2 CONT his son, Edward V. He was King from 1461-1470, and 1471-1483. 1 FAMS @F53@ 1 FAMC @F64@ 0 @I119@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /Woodville/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward IV 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1437 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 7/8 1492 2 PLAC London 1 NOTE Elizabeth was a commoner, a woman of great beauty, but already a widow with 2 CONT two sons when she married Edward. As a daughter of the Lancastrians, the 2 CONT traditional enemies of the Yorkists, and because she was not of royal rank, 2 CONT the mariage was repugnant to the ruling nobility of the house of York. Why 2 CONT Elizabeth, who had taken sanctuary, surrendered her young son and and 2 CONT daughters to Richard III is not clear. Soon, both young sons disappeared from 2 CONT Richard's custody, presumably murdered. 1 FAMS @F53@ 0 @I120@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1421 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 21 1471 2 PLAC Tower of London 1 NOTE Henry & wife escaped to Scotland during the Wars of the Roses 'til 1464, 2 CONT rebelled against one proclaiming himself King Edward IV, but was captured 2 CONT and imprisoned in the Tower of London by Edward. He had suffered from attacks 2 CONT of insanity but regained the crown in 1471, totally incapacitated by then. 2 CONT The next year, Edward IV dethroned him and returned him to the Tower of 2 CONT London where he died, likely murdered on orders from Edward IV. 2 CONT King 1422-'61 & 1470-'71, the last King from the house of Lancaster. 1 FAMS @F54@ 1 FAMC @F63@ 0 @I121@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Anjou/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VI 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1430 2 PLAC France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1482 1 NOTE Married to Henry VI to confirm truce with France in the Hundred Years' 2 CONT War which began in 1337. In 1455, an armed struggle for power began, the War 2 CONT of the Roses, between the houses of York and Lancaster. During the next 16 2 CONT years Margaret used the financial and military assets of the Lancasters to 2 CONT ensure succession of her son to the throne. By 1461, she was forced to go to 2 CONT France to seek financial aid, but her son was killed in 1471 and she was 2 CONT imprisoned by Louis XI and ransomed for surrender of French territories. 1 FAMS @F54@ 1 FAMC @F132@ 0 @I122@ INDI 1 NAME Edward III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 13 1312 2 PLAC Windsor 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 21 1377 2 PLAC Sheen (now Richmond) 1 NOTE Edward III initiated the long struggle with France called the Hundred Years' 2 CONT War. His 4th son was called John of Gaunt, who would become Henry IV. His 2 CONT brother-in-law was David II of Scotland. Edward went senile in his later 2 CONT years and England became dominated by his mistress named Alice Perres 2 CONT (1366-1400) and John of Gaunt. He was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. 2 CONT Historical fact during this time: 1322, the name of Robin Hood is first 2 CONT mentioned. 1 FAMS @F56@ 1 FAMC @F55@ 0 @I123@ INDI 1 NAME Edward II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 25 1284 2 PLAC Caernaroon, Wales 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 21 1327 2 PLAC Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 1 NOTE Edward, from the house of Plantagenet, was the 4th and surviving son. 2 CONT Proclaimed the Prince of Wales(a first) in 1301. An idle & frivolous man who 2 CONT had no liking for military campaigning nor for affairs of state. His 2 CONT incompetence and distaste for government led him to his disposition and 2 CONT murder at the hands of his captives. He was forced to resign in 1327 by 2 CONT Parliament, with his son, Edward III proclaimed as King. 1 FAMS @F55@ 1 FAMC @F82@ 0 @I124@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /France/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward II 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1292 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1358 1 FAMS @F55@ 1 FAMC @F517@ 0 @I125@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Edward/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F56@ 0 @I126@ INDI 1 NAME Henry IV // 1 NAME Henry of Bolingbroke\Henry of/Lancaster/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 1367 2 PLAC Bolingbroke Castle 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1413 1 NOTE He was the son of John of Gaunt, the 4th son of Edward III and Isabella of 2 CONT France. Also, he was the first King of the house of Lancaster and was 2 CONT succeeded by his son, Henry V. 1 FAMS @F61@ 1 FAMC @F60@ 0 @I127@ INDI 1 NAME Richard II // 1 NAME Richard of /Bordeaux/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 06 1367 2 PLAC Bordeaux, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 1400 2 PLAC Pontefract Castle 1 BURI 2 DATE BY HENRY V 2 PLAC Westminster Abbey, London, England 1 NOTE His reign was marked by national disunity and strife, the younger son of 2 CONT Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince), and Joan, called the Fair Maid of 2 CONT Kent (1328-1385). He succeeded his grandfather, Edward III in 1377. Richard 2 CONT abdicated on September 30, 1399 and was confined to Pontefract Castle where 2 CONT he either died of starvation or was murdered in February of 1400. John of 2 CONT Gaunt, aka Henry IV, would become his successor (4th son of Edward III). 1 FAMS @F57@ 1 FAMS @F58@ 1 FAMC @F59@ 0 @I128@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Bohemia/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1366 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1394 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. Richard II was 15 2 CONT years old when they married in 1382. 1 FAMS @F57@ 1 FAMC @F208@ 0 @I129@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1389 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1409 1 NOTE She was a French Princess. 1 FAMS @F58@ 0 @I130@ INDI 1 NAME Edward, Prince of/Wales/ 1 NAME the Black Prince, Edward of/Woodstock/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 15 1330 2 PLAC Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 08 1376 2 PLAC Westminster, near London 1 BURI 2 PLAC Canterbury 1 NOTE Known as the Black Prince, he was also the Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester 2 CONT and heir apparent to the throne of England. One of the outstanding commanders 2 CONT during the Hundred Years' War with France, winning his major victory at the 2 CONT Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He enjoyed jousting, falconry, hunting and 2 CONT gaming. His rule as Prince of Aquitaine was a failure, however great a leader 2 CONT of armies he was. As well, he was a man constantly living beyond his means. 2 CONT His sobriquet, the "Black Prince", has no contemporary justification. 1 FAMS @F59@ 1 FAMC @F56@ 0 @I131@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort to Edward 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1328 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1385 1 NOTE She was known as the Fair Maid of Kent. When she married Edward, she was 2 CONT divorced and widowed, as the Countess of Kent. She and Edward were cousins 1 FAMS @F59@ 0 @I132@ INDI 1 NAME John of /Gaunt/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Lancaster 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 1340 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 03 1399 1 NOTE The union of John of Gaunt and Catherine called the family of Beaufort. John 2 CONT was the son of King Edward III, so the blood line continued through his 2 CONT ancestors to King Henry VII, the blood line having stopped with Henry VI. He 2 CONT was also the father of King Henry IV. 1 FAMS @F60@ 1 FAMS @F710@ 1 FAMS @F65@ 1 FAMS @F66@ 1 FAMC @F56@ 0 @I133@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche of /Lancaster/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F60@ 0 @I134@ INDI 1 NAME Mary /Bohun/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry IV 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F61@ 0 @I135@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG/SEP/ 1387 2 PLAC Monmouth 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 31 1422 2 PLAC Vincennes, France 1 NOTE Second successive king from the house of Lancaster. 1 FAMS @F63@ 1 FAMC @F61@ 0 @I136@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas, Duke of/Clarence/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Clarence 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1389 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1421 1 FAMC @F61@ 0 @I137@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine of /Valois/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry V 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1401 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1437 1 NOTE Daughter of Charles VI, King of France. Historical fact during her lifetime: 2 CONT In 1431, Joan Of Arc was burned at the stake as a witch by the English at 2 CONT Rouen, France. The building of the Bastille in Paris was begun earlier, in 2 CONT 1370. After her father's death in 1422, under a treaty of Troyes with the 2 CONT English, the country north of the Loire was under control of England, while 2 CONT southern France, excluding English Aquitaine, was loyal to the dauphin as 2 CONT King Charles VII of France. 1 FAMS @F63@ 1 FAMS @F78@ 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I138@ INDI 1 NAME Richard III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 02 1452 2 PLAC Fotheringhay Castle 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1485 1 NOTE Slain on the battlefield against Henry, Earl of Richmond, who would become 2 CONT Henry VII, who would marry Elizabeth of York, uniting the houses of York and 2 CONT Lancaster, ending the Wars of the Roses. Richard III was the youngest son of 2 CONT Richard Plantagenet, 3d Duke of York (1411-1460). 1 FAMC @F64@ 0 @I139@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /Plantagenet/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 3rdDuke of York 1411-1460 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1411 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1460 1 FAMS @F64@ 0 @I140@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Pichard/Plantagenet/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F64@ 0 @I141@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1483 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1470 2 PLAC Westminster 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1483 2 PLAC Tower of London 1 NOTE Uncrowned King of England, the 2nd of the house of York, the eldest of Edward 2 CONT IV, became Prince of Wales in 1471. Upon the death of his father, Edward IV, 2 CONT in 1483, he succeeded him as King, but was confined in the Tower of London 2 CONT shorly after his father died in April. It's presumed he was assassinated, 2 CONT along with his brother Richard, Duke of York, by the forces of Richard III, 2 CONT a paternal uncle, or later by those from the house of Tudor(??). 1 FAMC @F53@ 0 @I142@ INDI 1 NAME Richard // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of York 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1472 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1483 2 PLAC Assassinated?? 1 NOTE See Edward V. 1 FAMC @F53@ 0 @I143@ INDI 1 NAME Constance // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Heiress of Peter I of Castile. 1 FAMS @F65@ 1 FAMC @F311@ 0 @I144@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /Swynford/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE While she was still married to Sir Hugh Swynford, she had 5 children by John 2 CONT of Gaunt, who married her in 1396 after they were all born. In 1397, the 2 CONT Beaufords were declared legitimate by King Richard II, and in 1407 this 2 CONT action was confirmed by their half brother, King Henry IV. 1 FAMS @F66@ 1 FAMS @F69@ 0 @I148@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Hugh /Swynford/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F69@ 0 @I149@ INDI 1 NAME John /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Somerset 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1373 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1410 1 NOTE Made Earl of Somerset and marquess of Dorset. 1 FAMS @F71@ 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I150@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Bishop of Winchester 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Bishop of Winchester and cardinal. 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I151@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Exeter/chancellor 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1426 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I152@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F70@ 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I153@ INDI 1 NAME Ralph /Neville/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Westmoreland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1440 1 NOTE He was the first Earl of Westmoreland. 1 FAMS @F70@ 0 @I154@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, who died in 1410 leaving 5 2 CONT children. 1 FAMS @F71@ 1 FAMC @F72@ 0 @I155@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Holland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Kent 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F72@ 0 @I156@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Thomas/Holland/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F72@ 0 @I157@ INDI 1 NAME John /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Somerset 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1403 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1444 1 NOTE Likely took his own life in 1444. 1 FAMS @F75@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I158@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1455 2 PLAC St. Albans 1 FAMS @F76@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I159@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1436 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I160@ INDI 1 NAME Joan /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort James I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Wife (Queen) of James I of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F74@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I161@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F73@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I162@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Courtenay/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Devon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F73@ 0 @I163@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of Sir John Beauchamp 1 FAMS @F75@ 0 @I164@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor /Beauchamp/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of the 5th Earl of Warwick. 1 FAMS @F76@ 0 @I165@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I166@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I167@ INDI 1 NAME John /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I168@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Married Humphrey, Earl of Stafford. 1 FAMS @F77@ 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I169@ INDI 1 NAME Humphrey // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Stafford 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F77@ 0 @I170@ INDI 1 NAME Squire Owen /Tudor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Welsh Squire 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1456 1 FAMS @F78@ 0 @I171@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Tudor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Richmond 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1430 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1456 1 NOTE There were 4 children with this union, Edmund was one of them, the future 2 CONT father of Henry VII, the first Tudor King. 1 FAMS @F79@ 1 FAMC @F78@ 0 @I176@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /I/ 1 NAME Edward /Longshanks/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 17 1239 2 PLAC Westminster, Middlesex, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 07 1307 2 PLAC Burgh by Sands, Carlisle, Cumberland 1 NOTE From the house of Plantagenet, Edward expelled the Jews from England in 1290, 2 CONT but the conquest of Scotland, however, became the ruling passion of his 2 CONT life. In 1305, he captured Sir William Wallace and executed him, leading to 2 CONT a Scottish revolt and the coronation of Robert de Bruce as King of Scotland. 2 CONT While on his way to subdue the Scots for the third time during his reign, 2 CONT Edward I died en route near Carlisle in 1307. 1 FAMS @F82@ 1 FAMS @F83@ 1 FAMC @F84@ 0 @I177@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor of /Castile/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F82@ 0 @I178@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1318 1 NOTE Daughter of King Philip III of Spain, she was never crowned Queen. 1 FAMS @F83@ 1 FAMC @F133@ 0 @I179@ INDI 1 NAME Henry III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1207 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1272 1 NOTE From the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet, Henry succeeded his father in death 2 CONT at the age of nine. In his minority, regents William Marshall, Earl of 2 CONT Pembroke, and Hubert de Burgh governed 'til 1227, when Henry began ruling. 1 FAMS @F84@ 1 FAMC @F85@ 0 @I180@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor of /Provence/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry III 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F84@ 0 @I181@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 NAME John /Lackland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 24 1167 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 19 1216 2 PLAC Newark, in Nottinghamshire 1 NOTE Best known for signing the Magna Carta, at the insistence of the English 2 CONT Barons; the youngest son of Henry II, along with Richard I, the Lion Hearted. 2 CONT John was from the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. 1 FAMS @F85@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I182@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Angouleme/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/King John 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1246 1 NOTE She was imprisoned by John of Gloucester 1214-1216, returned to France in 2 CONT 1217 and married Hugh, Count of La Marcha in 1220. 1 FAMS @F85@ 1 FAMS @F612@ 1 FAMC @F611@ 0 @I183@ INDI 1 NAME Henry II // 1 NAME Henry of Anjou, Henry/Plantagenet/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1154-1189 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 05 1133 2 PLAC Le Mans, Maine, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 06 1189 2 PLAC Chinon, France, near Tours 1 NOTE Duke of Normandy, 1150. He began the Norman Conquest of Ireland in 1171-1172 2 CONT and forced William the Lion, King of the Scots, to recognize him as overlord. 2 CONT He was succeeded by his son, Richard I, the Lion-Heart. Henry II was the 2 CONT first of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. 1 FAMS @F87@ 1 FAMC @F89@ 0 @I184@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor of /Aquitaine/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry II 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1122 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 01 1204 2 PLAC Fontevrault, Aujou, France 1 NOTE The beautiful and talented Eleanor, recently divorced from King Louis VII of 2 CONT France, brought with her hand in marriage the lordship of Aquitaine for Henry 2 CONT II, and, after the death of her cousin King Stephen of Blois, Henry II 2 CONT succeeded without opposition, thus becoming lord of territories stretching 2 CONT from Scotland to the Pyrenees. But the young king lacked visible majesty and 2 CONT was always restless, impetuous and always on the move, regardless of the 2 CONT convenience of others, as well as being heartless & ruthless when necessary. 1 FAMS @F87@ 1 FAMS @F543@ 1 FAMC @F544@ 0 @I185@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /I/ 1 NAME The /Lion-Heart/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 08 1157 2 PLAC Oxford 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 06 1199 2 PLAC Chalus, Aquitaine 1 NOTE Richard was sometimes cruel, such as when he executed 2700 prisoners of war, 2 CONT and sometimes magnanimous, but always courageous. As a King, he left the 2 CONT affairs of the state to able administrators while he went out to do battle in 2 CONT the Third Crusades, and the middle east, etc. Heavy taxation was levied to 2 CONT support his warefare antics, but it was an arrow in an insignificiant 2 CONT skirmish in 1199 which took his life. Brother John succeeded him. 1 FAMS @F91@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I186@ INDI 1 NAME Stephen of /Blois/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1097 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 25 1154 2 PLAC Dover, Kent, England 1 NOTE The grandson of King William the Conqueror, and nephew of Henry I, he claimed 2 CONT the crown. 4-6 months in 1141, he was Matilda's Prisoner, and she ruled as 2 CONT Queen. But in 1148, she left England and gave up in favor of her son, Henry 2 CONT of Anjou, later Henry II.Then, Henry II waged war against Stephen and forced 2 CONT him to name him, Henry II, his heir to the throne. This Matilda was daughter 2 CONT of Henry I, mother to Henry II. 1 FAMS @F670@ 1 FAMC @F591@ 0 @I187@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1100-1135 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1068 2 PLAC Selby, Yorkshire, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 01 1135 2 PLAC Lyons-la-Foret, Normandy 1 NOTE He was the 4th son of William the Conqueror. 1 FAMS @F88@ 1 FAMS @F672@ 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I188@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F88@ 1 FAMC @F180@ 0 @I189@ INDI 1 NAME William the /Aetheling/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1103 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 25 1120 2 PLAC at sea off Barfleur, France 1 NOTE The "White Ship" carrying William to England floundered as it left port, with 2 CONT all lives lost save one, including William and a large number of the royal 2 CONT household. Since William was the only son of Henry I, it left Henry without 2 CONT heir (male offspring), resulting in a period of anarchy after Henry's death. 2 CONT Note: in the early days, a female head of state was "unacceptable". 1 FAMC @F88@ 0 @I190@ INDI 1 NAME Robert // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1134 1 FAMC @F88@ 0 @I191@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1102 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1167 1 NOTE As the only daughter of Henry I, she would become the mother of Henry II. In 2 CONT her civil war with King Stephen of England, she had been elected "Lady of the 2 CONT English" by the clerical council at Winchester in April of 1141. As she 2 CONT entered London that June, her arragance and tactless demands for money 2 CONT provoked the citizens to chase her away to Oxford in September before she 2 CONT she could be crowned Queen (all taking place after Stephen was captured 2 CONT earlier that year in February of 1141). 1 FAMS @F90@ 1 FAMS @F89@ 1 FAMC @F88@ 0 @I192@ INDI 1 NAME Geoffrey Plantagenet of/Anjou/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Anjou 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1152 1 FAMS @F89@ 0 @I193@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German King 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 11 1086 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 23 1125 2 PLAC Utrecht, Friesland 1 REFN See #1772,#1718 1 NOTE Last of the Salian dynasty, he restored virtual peace in the empire and was 2 CONT generally successful in wars with Flanders, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. As 2 CONT son of Henry IV, he continued his father's Investiture Controversy with the 2 CONT papacy, dying childless. As a ruler, Henry showed political skill, but his 2 CONT reach exceeded his grasp. He had dethroned his father by allying with the 2 CONT princes and presenting himself as a champion of the church's rights. Once in 2 CONT power, he was unable to force the church to grant him his demands. See #1718. 1 FAMS @F90@ 1 FAMC @F830@ 0 @I194@ INDI 1 NAME Berengaria of /Navarre/ 1 NAME Berenguela of /Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Richard I. 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1165 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1230 2 PLAC Le Mans, France 1 FAMS @F91@ 1 FAMC @F359@ 0 @I195@ INDI 1 NAME William /I/ 1 NAME William the Conqueror, or/the/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1066-1087 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1027 2 PLAC Falaise, France 2 SOUR William was tall and corpulent, of a dignified presence and extremely powerful 3 CONT physique, with a bald forehead, close-cropped hair and short moustaches. 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 07 1087 2 PLAC Rouen, France 1 BURI 2 PLAC Caen, in Saint Stephens 2 SOUR The bones of William I were scattered by the Huguenots in 1562, but a plain 3 CONT slab still marks the place of his tomb, before the high altar. 1 NOTE This 1st Norman King had to invade England to claim his crown in 1066 at the 2 CONT Battle of Hastings, then on into London where he was crowned King on 2 CONT Christmas Day, 1066, in Westminster Abbey. Harold, Earl of Wessex, was slain 2 CONT at the battle. By 1070, the Norman Conquest was concluded. In 1087, during a 2 CONT campaign against Philip of France, William was fatally injured when his horse 2 CONT fell on him. William I is generally considerated as one of the outstanding 2 CONT figures in western European history. 1 FAMS @F92@ 1 FAMC @F93@ 0 @I196@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda of /Flanders/ 1 NAME Mahaut or Mathilda, or/Matilda/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/William I 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1031 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1083 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Baldwin V(1012-1067), count of Flanders and a 2 CONT descendant of Alfred the Great. Little is told throughout the pages of 2 CONT history about the wives and mothers of people of renown. But had it not been 2 CONT for the printed history of Matilda of Flanders, a direct link, all the way 2 CONT back to Alfred the Great and beyond, would be missing from this family tree. 1 FAMS @F92@ 1 FAMC @F102@ 0 @I197@ INDI 1 NAME William II // 1 NAME Called /Rufus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1056 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 02 1100 2 PLAC New Forest in Hampshire 1 BURI 2 PLAC Westminster 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of William I. He never married nor bore children. His 2 CONT younger brother, Henry I, succeeded him to the throne. While on a hunting 2 CONT trip in New Forest in Hampshire, an arrow struck him. It was never certain 2 CONT if the killing was an accident or a murder(?). He was very "unattractive"; 2 CONT bull-necked with sloping shoulders, extremely corpulent (fat) and awkward 2 CONT in his gait. His features were strongly marked and his grey eyes deeply set. 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I198@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /I/ 1 NAME Called Robert the/Devil/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/1027-35 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1035 2 PLAC Nicaea 1 NOTE Having no legitimate son, Robert resolved on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but 2 CONT died on the return in Nicaea, 1035. The 12-year period after his death was a 2 CONT period of the wildest anarchy. Three of William's Guardians were murdered and 2 CONT relatives kept William in strict concealment, fearing he might experience the 2 CONT same fate. Robert was an unscrupulous and cruel ruler, but energetic and bold. 2 CONT Historical fact during this time: In 1025, Guido de 'Arezzo invents the use 2 CONT of the staff in music. 1 FAMS @F93@ 1 FAMS @F140@ 1 FAMC @F141@ 0 @I199@ INDI 1 NAME Arletta // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Tanner's daughter 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1040 1 NOTE In 1030, Robert, the Duke of Normandy, supported the King of France, Henry I, 2 CONT against his brother Robert who was laying claim to the throne of France. In 2 CONT reward, the Duke received the French Vexin. Arletta, a commoner, was the 2 CONT daughter of a tanner of Falaise, France. When the duke died on his pilgrimage 2 CONT to Jerusalem, he left as his heir, an illegitimate son, William, born of his 2 CONT union with Arletta, and left under the protection of the king. 1 FAMS @F93@ 0 @I200@ INDI 1 NAME Joan /Plantagenet/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1165 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1199 1 FAMS @F658@ 1 FAMS @F659@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I201@ INDI 1 NAME Robert II // 1 NAME Courteheuse, or /Courthouse/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/1087-34 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1054 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1134 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I202@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /I/ 1 NAME Robert Bruce, Robert de Bruce/VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1274 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1329 2 PLAC Cardross Castle/shores of Firth of Clyde 1 NOTE Engaged in ongoing wars with England. In his later years he was stricken with 2 CONT leprosy and lived in seclusion at Cardross Castle where he died in 1329, 2 CONT succeeded by his son, David II, then by his nephew, Robert II. 1 FAMS @F95@ 1 FAMC @F169@ 0 @I203@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Robert I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F95@ 1 FAMC @F608@ 0 @I204@ INDI 1 NAME Marjorie // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1316 1 FAMS @F96@ 1 FAMC @F95@ 0 @I205@ INDI 1 NAME Walter // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU stewart of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1326 1 FAMS @F96@ 0 @I206@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alexander 3 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1240 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1275 1 NOTE This daughter of Henry III went on to marry Alexander III, King of Scotland. 2 CONT Confined in Edinburgh Castle by guardians of kings and queens until she was 2 CONT released through intervention by her father, Henry III. 1 FAMS @F97@ 1 FAMC @F84@ 0 @I207@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1241 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1286 1 NOTE He was succeeded by his Granddaughter, Margaret, the Maid of Norway. Both 2 CONT sons and daughter had died before him, and infant Margaret was the only 2 CONT living heir, his daughter's daughter. 1 FAMS @F97@ 1 FAMC @F100@ 0 @I208@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1198 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1249 1 NOTE In 1212, he recognized Henry III as overlord. By the Peace of York, 1237, 2 CONT Alexander and Henry III established permanent boundries between England and 2 CONT Scotland. On an expedition to Wrest Hebrides from Norway, he died of fever. 1 FAMS @F98@ 1 FAMS @F100@ 1 FAMC @F101@ 0 @I209@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alexander 2 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1238 1 NOTE She was Henry III's eldest sister. 1 FAMS @F98@ 1 FAMC @F85@ 0 @I210@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Scotland/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Eric II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1283 1 NOTE Married a Norwegian King, King Eric II. Their daughter, Margaret, the Maid of 2 CONT Norway, was the only living descendant of Alexander III, both sons and 2 CONT daughter having predeceased him, so the infant Margaret was appointed as heir 2 CONT to the throne and succeeded her grandfather to the throne of Scotland when he 2 CONT died in 1286. 1 FAMS @F99@ 1 FAMC @F97@ 0 @I211@ INDI 1 NAME Eric II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Norway/1280-1299 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1299 1 FAMS @F99@ 0 @I212@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret, the Maid of/Norway/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1282 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1290 1 NOTE As an infant, she inherited the throne of Scotland, succeeding her 2 CONT grandfather, Alexander III. He died with only little Margaret, the daughter 2 CONT of his daughter, the only living heir to the throne of Scotland, but she died 2 CONT in 1290 at the age of 8 years old. After the last of this family died, came 2 CONT John Baliol as king in 1292-1296, then there was an Interregnum of 10 years, 2 CONT a time where there wasn't a government of Scotland royalty. Then enters 2 CONT Robert Bruce in 1306 to set the stage for the rest of Scottish monarchies. 1 FAMC @F99@ 0 @I213@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of /Coucy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alexander 2 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F100@ 0 @I214@ INDI 1 NAME William the /Lion/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1143 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1214 1 NOTE Captured by the English, he was able to obtain his freedom only by assenting 2 CONT to the Treaty of Falaise, which acknowledged Henry II as overlord of 2 CONT Scotland. Henry's son, Richard, later annuled the Treaty, surrendering all 2 CONT claim to Scotland. Alexander II succeeded his father to the crown. When 2 CONT William was captured near Alnwick Castle that July 1174 when he joined forces 2 CONT with English rebells against Henry II, the resultant was a temporary loss of 2 CONT Scottish independence. 1 FAMS @F101@ 1 FAMC @F183@ 0 @I215@ INDI 1 NAME wife of William the/Lion/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/William 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F101@ 0 @I216@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders/1030-67 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1012 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1067 1 NOTE Direct Descendent of Alfred the Great. Appointed regent for minority of 2 CONT Philip of France. 1 FAMS @F102@ 1 FAMC @F108@ 0 @I217@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Baldwin/V/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F102@ 0 @I218@ INDI 1 NAME Robert the /Frisian/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Regent of the country of Holland during the minority of Dirk V, whose mother 2 CONT he had married. 1 FAMC @F102@ 0 @I219@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin of /Mons/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was in possession of Hainaut in right of his wife Richilde, heiress of 2 CONT Regnier V d. 1036. 1 FAMC @F102@ 0 @I220@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE First ruler of Flanders, an old English section. He was appointed count of 2 CONT Flanders by his father-in-law, King Charles the Bald of France when he 2 CONT married Charles' daughter/or sister?, Judith. 1 FAMS @F103@ 0 @I221@ INDI 1 NAME Judith // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sister of Charles II (the Bald), Holy Roman Emperor. 1 FAMS @F103@ 1 FAMC @F135@ 0 @I222@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 918 1 FAMS @F104@ 1 FAMC @F103@ 0 @I223@ INDI 1 NAME Aelfthryth // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Alfred the Great. 1 FAMS @F104@ 1 FAMC @F109@ 0 @I224@ INDI 1 NAME Arnulf the/Elder/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He survived only a short time, so his brother, Adululf, succeeded father 2 CONT Baldwin II to count of Flanders. 1 FAMC @F104@ 0 @I225@ INDI 1 NAME Adululf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE His reign was filled with warfare against the Northmen. 1 FAMS @F105@ 1 FAMC @F104@ 0 @I226@ INDI 1 NAME Adela // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the count of Vermandois. 1 FAMS @F105@ 0 @I227@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Baldwin 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 961 1 FAMS @F106@ 1 FAMC @F105@ 0 @I228@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Baldwin/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F106@ 0 @I229@ INDI 1 NAME Arnulf II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 989 1 FAMS @F107@ 1 FAMC @F106@ 0 @I230@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Arnulf/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F107@ 0 @I231@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F108@ 1 FAMC @F107@ 0 @I232@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Baldwin/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F108@ 0 @I233@ INDI 1 NAME Alfred // 1 NAME Called the /Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE 849 2 PLAC Wantage, in southen England 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 26 899 1 NOTE His victory at the battle of Edington in Wiltshire against the invading Danes 2 CONT changed the course of history, for had he lost there, Wessex would have 2 CONT become another Scandinavian colony. The West saxon dynasty, therefore, 2 CONT survived. Then, Alfred could truly be described as "king over all English 2 CONT people (except for those areas of existing Danish Areas in Great Britain)". 2 CONT For the next 20 years the conquest of Scandinavian England took place and the 2 CONT King of Wessex became the "protector" to all other areas for English peoples. 1 FAMS @F109@ 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I234@ INDI 1 NAME Ealhswith // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alfred 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 900, the windmill arrives in Muslin 2 CONT Spain from Persia. In 870, the Vikings found settlements in Iceland. In 860, 2 CONT the cyrillic alphabet is developed in eastern Europe. In 840, the Vikings 2 CONT found the City of Dublin in Ireland. 1 FAMS @F109@ 1 FAMC @F138@ 0 @I235@ INDI 1 NAME Adela // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1062 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1137 1 NOTE As the daughter of William I, Stephen of Blois, her husband, claimed the 2 CONT crown of England 1135-1154. She was one of 5 or 6 daughters of William and 2 CONT Matilda of Flanders. Acting as regent for her husband, she took an active 2 CONT interest in civil & ecclesiastical affairs and was instrumental in rebuilding 2 CONT the Cathedral Chartres in stone. 1 FAMS @F591@ 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I236@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelwulf // 1 NAME Ethelwulf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE 790 1 DEAT 2 DATE 858 1 NOTE Succeeded his father Egbert as King in 839. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 814, the Arabs adopt Indian numerals 2 CONT (1-9). In 812, the Chinese Government issues paper bank drafts as money. 1 FAMS @F137@ 1 FAMS @F112@ 1 FAMC @F113@ 0 @I237@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Aethelwulf/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Aethelwulf 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Charles II the Bald of West Franks. 1 FAMS @F112@ 1 FAMC @F134@ 0 @I238@ INDI 1 NAME Egbert // 1 NAME Ecgberht // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 775 1 DEAT 2 DATE 839 1 REFN See #327 1 NOTE In a time when each section had its own king, he alone could claim direct 2 CONT descent from the kings of migration time. He was heir of the last of the 2 CONT archaic dynasties who was able to make the king of Wessex supreme over all 2 CONT the other English peoples, and overlord to all the other kings of the area. 2 CONT His youngest grandson would make history as Alfred the Great. He was King of 2 CONT Wessex from 802-839, and declared Bretwalda, "ruler of the British", in 830 2 CONT after exiling to the court of Charlemagne in the late 8th century. 1 FAMS @F113@ 0 @I239@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Egbert/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort of Alfred 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F113@ 0 @I240@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelflaed // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F116@ 1 FAMC @F109@ 0 @I241@ INDI 1 NAME Edward the /Elder/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 924 1 NOTE He was king of the West Saxons from 899-924, succeeding his father, Alfred 2 CONT the Great. Then, he was succeeded by his son, Athelstan. In 919, Edward 2 CONT received solumn submission of all the men of Northumbria, "English, Danes, 2 CONT Northmen and others," of the kings of the Scots and the Britons of 2 CONT Strathclyde, Ragnall also became his man. 1 FAMS @F117@ 1 FAMS @F118@ 1 FAMC @F109@ 0 @I242@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelberht // 1 NAME Ethelberht // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 866 1 NOTE He succeeded his older brother, Aethelbald, when he died in 860. 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I243@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelbald // 1 NAME Ethelbald // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 860 1 NOTE He assumed the crown when his father Aethelwulf went on a pilgramage to Rome 2 CONT in 855 and refused to give it up when his father returned a year later, 2 CONT however, his father died in 858 and Aethelbald succeeded his father anyhow. 2 CONT He even married his father's widow in 858, but died himself two years later 2 CONT in 860, and his brother Aethelberht succeeded him. 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I244@ INDI 1 NAME King /Burgred/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Married the daughter of Aethelwulf, son of Egbert, Kings of West Saxon. 1 FAMS @F115@ 0 @I245@ INDI 1 NAME wife of King/Burgred/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F115@ 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I246@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred /I/ 1 NAME Ethelred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 871 1 NOTE He succeeded brother Aethelberht when he died in 866. He and brother Alfred 2 CONT fought together in the battle of Ashdown, but he, Aethelred, died of his 2 CONT wounds and Alfred (the Great) succeeded him. King Alfred's authority was 2 CONT admitted in all provinces of England not under Danish rule starting 886. From 2 CONT 886 on, the history of Wessex would be the history of England. 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I247@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred // 1 NAME Ethelred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earldorman of Mercians 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 910 1 NOTE When he died in 918, his wife and her brother Edward for seven years 2 CONT encroached on Danish territory which ended after her death. She assumed 2 CONT control of Mercia upon his death, and when she died, the rule was passed onto 2 CONT brother Edward. 1 FAMS @F116@ 0 @I248@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of Edward the/Elder/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F117@ 0 @I249@ INDI 1 NAME Athelstan // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE 895 1 DEAT 2 DATE 939 1 NOTE King from 924-939, he was considered the most brillant among the old English 2 CONT kings. He was the first to hold the title of King of England. In 937, the King 2 CONT of Dublin, Guthfrithson and the Scots invaded far into England, but were 2 CONT soundly defeated at an old ancient place called Brunnanburh. Northumbrian 2 CONT Danes were not present at the battle, whereas a few years earlier they had 2 CONT been the greatest threat to his father. Athelstan was succeeded by 1/2 brother 2 CONT Edmund, son of Edward the Elder. 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I250@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd wife of Edward the/Elder/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F118@ 0 @I251@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /I/ 1 NAME the /Magnificient/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Saxon King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 921 1 DEAT 2 DATE 946 2 PLAC Punklechurch 1 NOTE Succeeded his half brother Athelstan in 939. When the King of Dublin invaded 2 CONT on this new English king, it was a different story, as the first year of 2 CONT Edmund's reign found him defeated and acquiescing in the destruction of all 2 CONT the work done by Edward the Elder. But, in 942 he regained much of the lost 2 CONT territories. He was succeeded by his brother Edred in 946 after being stabbed 2 CONT to death by an exciled robber at Punklechurch. 1 FAMS @F119@ 1 FAMC @F118@ 0 @I252@ INDI 1 NAME Edred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Saxon King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 955 1 NOTE Edred's brother, in 954, became immediate lord of York and Yorkshire, after 2 CONT a succession of ephemeral kings of Norse origin can be traced at York, 2 CONT disappearing in that year of 954. The added territories were passed onto 2 CONT Edred and future English kings. Edred left no immediate heirs, only two young 2 CONT nephews: Eadwig and Edgar. Eadwig succeeded his uncle Edred. 1 FAMC @F118@ 0 @I253@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Edmund/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F119@ 0 @I254@ INDI 1 NAME Eadwig // 1 NAME or /Edwy/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 955-7 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 940 1 DEAT 2 DATE 959 1 NOTE He drove Dunstan into exile, but when the Mercians and the Northumbrians 2 CONT revolted, they chose Eadwig's brother as King of the English, leaving Eadwig 2 CONT to rule Wessex and Kent, 957-959. 1 FAMC @F119@ 0 @I255@ INDI 1 NAME Edgar // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 944 1 DEAT 2 DATE 975 1 NOTE One of the first acts was to recall monastic reformer St. Dunstan, exiled by 2 CONT his brother. Ultimately, St. Dunstan was made Archbishop of Canterbury. In 2 CONT 959, Edgar succeeded to the entire English kingdom. His Reign was notable for 2 CONT establishment of national consolidation, reformation of the clergy, 2 CONT improvement of the judiciary system and formation of a new fleet to defend 2 CONT the coast from Scandinavian Vikings. 1 FAMS @F120@ 1 FAMS @F121@ 1 FAMC @F119@ 0 @I256@ INDI 1 NAME Edith // 1 NAME Eadgyth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 946 1 BURI 2 PLAC Magdeburg 1 NOTE Edith, married Otto, King of the Germans, afterwards Emperor. Her father gave 2 CONT as dowry the flourishing town of Magdeburg. 1 FAMS @F568@ 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I257@ INDI 1 NAME Eadgifu // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She married Charles, King of the West Franks, the descendant of 2 CONT Charlemagne. 1 FAMS @F558@ 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I258@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Hugh the/Great/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sister #3 married Hugh, Duke of the Franks, ancestor of the House of Capet. 1 FAMS @F567@ 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I259@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Edgar/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F120@ 0 @I260@ INDI 1 NAME Edward the /Martyr/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 963 1 DEAT 2 DATE 978 2 PLAC Assassinated 1 NOTE A boy at the time of his father's death, Edward ruled under guidance of St. 2 CONT Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury; his reign marked by agitation against the 2 CONT monasteries which father Edgar had favored at the expense of nonmonastic 2 CONT clergy. Miracles are said to have occurred at his tomb, and he was later 2 CONT declared a saint and a martyr. Edward's feast day is March 18. When he was 2 CONT assassinated, it was possible Elfrida, his stepmother, instigated the murder, 2 CONT as her son, Ethelred, succeeded Edward to the English throne. 1 FAMC @F120@ 0 @I261@ INDI 1 NAME Elfrida // 1 NAME Aelfthryth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort #2 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her Stepson was assassinated, possibly, by the instigation of Elfrida, whose 2 CONT son, Ethelred, succeeded him(??). So writes history. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 950, the classical period of the Mayans 2 CONT ends and organs are installed in Abbeys and cathedrals throughout Europe. 1 FAMS @F121@ 0 @I262@ INDI 1 NAME Ethelred the /Unready/ 1 NAME or /Aethelred/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 968 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1016 1 NOTE Suspected by many of complicity in Edward's murder, he seemed an inefficient 2 CONT ruler with successions of Danish raids. While the kingdom of England was 2 CONT conquered, it escaped disintegration under him. 1013: King of Denmark was 2 CONT recognized as "king everywhere" and Ethelred exiled at his brother-in-law's 2 CONT court, Richard, Duke of Normandy. Sweg Forkbeard, the Danish King, died in 2 CONT 1014, however, and the English nobility recalled Ethelred. He was succeeded 2 CONT by his son, Edmund II, when he died in the spring of 1016. 1 FAMS @F483@ 1 FAMS @F122@ 1 FAMC @F121@ 0 @I263@ INDI 1 NAME Emma of /Normandy/ 1 NAME English name: /Aelfgifu/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1052 1 NOTE She represents the blood link to William I the Conqueror, as she is the 2 CONT sister of his grandfather, making her sons cousins once removed. 2 CONT After her husband, Ethelred II, died in 1016, she married Canute II. 2 CONT Canute, a wise and effective ruler, divided England into 4 Earldoms: 2 CONT Mercia, Northumbria, Wessex and East Anglia, about half to Harold I, and the 2 CONT other half to half brother Hardecanute. Hardecanute would be banished by 2 CONT Harold in 1037, Leaving Harold I to be King of all England in 1037-1040. 1 FAMS @F122@ 1 FAMS @F164@ 1 FAMC @F142@ 0 @I264@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund II // 1 NAME called /"Ironside"/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 993 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 30 1016 1 NOTE After his father died in 1016, he was favored to succeed his Father, King 2 CONT Ethelred II, but he died later in November 1016, and Canute II succeeded to 2 CONT the English throne. As to his real mother, it would appear that Emma, at 2 CONT least, could not possibly have been his mother, for he was too old. 1 FAMS @F123@ 1 FAMC @F483@ 0 @I265@ INDI 1 NAME Edward the /Confessor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1002 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 06 1066 1 NOTE The House of Goodwin of Wessex - the recall of the West Saxon dynasty after 2 CONT Cnut and Eric, of Norway, after some 26 years, 1016-1042, of Norwegian rule. 2 CONT The heir thus restored is only the prelude to the Norman Conquest by William 2 CONT the Conqueror, aka William I, cousin to Edward, in 1066. Edward died at the 2 CONT beginning of 1066 and Harold II was immediately recongized King of the English 2 CONT by the nobles in London and crowned by the Archbishop of York. 1 FAMS @F161@ 1 FAMC @F122@ 0 @I266@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Edmund/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F123@ 0 @I267@ INDI 1 NAME mother of /Edgar/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F124@ 1 FAMC @F123@ 0 @I268@ INDI 1 NAME father of /Edgar/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F124@ 0 @I269@ INDI 1 NAME Edgar // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The male line of the house of Wessex survived King Edward the Confessor in 2 CONT the person of Edgar, the grandson of King Edmund II, "Ironside", but as the 2 CONT Norman Conquest grew near, he was only a child at the time. William "was" 2 CONT Edward the confessor's cousin once removed (see Emma of Normandy). The 2 CONT "scant thread" connecting Edward and William I gave William a fundamental 2 CONT advantage over "only a child". Besides, William "was" married to Matilda of 2 CONT Flanders whose ancestry dated back directly to Alfred the Great. 1 FAMC @F124@ 0 @I270@ INDI 1 NAME Anne /Hyde/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James II 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1637 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1671 1 NOTE First wife of James II, who died during his reign. 1 FAMS @F125@ 0 @I271@ INDI 1 NAME wife of James II of Great/Britain/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Second wife to James II. 1 FAMS @F126@ 0 @I272@ INDI 1 NAME William II of/Holland/ 1 NAME Prince of /Holland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Holland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1626 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1650 1 NOTE He was also Stadttholder of the Netherlands, as was his son William III. 1 FAMS @F127@ 0 @I273@ INDI 1 NAME Mary // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1631 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1660 1 NOTE She was the eldest daughter of English Charles I. 1 FAMS @F127@ 1 FAMC @F17@ 0 @I274@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Eadric/Streone/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F128@ 1 FAMC @F122@ 0 @I275@ INDI 1 NAME Eadric /Streone/ 1 NAME Edric /Streone/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Alderman of the Mercians 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1017 1 NOTE Alderman from 1007. He was said to have acted treacherously to protect Mercia 2 CONT from the Danes, allowing them to ravage Wessex, etc. As well, he may have 2 CONT played a role in the death of Edmund II (1016). Edric was restored to earldon 2 CONT by Chanute, who, nontheless had him slain as untrustworthy in 1017. 1 FAMS @F128@ 0 @I276@ INDI 1 NAME Antony /Armstrong-Jones/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU British photographer 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1930 1 NOTE A commoner made Earl of Snowdon in 1961. 1 FAMS @F129@ 0 @I277@ INDI 1 NAME David Albert /Charles/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Viscount Linley 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1961 1 FAMC @F129@ 0 @I278@ INDI 1 NAME Lady Sarah /Armstrong-Jones/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1964 1 FAMC @F129@ 0 @I279@ INDI 1 NAME Archibald /Douglas/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 6th Earl of Angus 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F130@ 0 @I280@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Stewart/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 1st Baron of Methven 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F131@ 0 @I281@ INDI 1 NAME Rene /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU titular King of Naples 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 16 1409 2 PLAC Angers, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 10 1480 2 PLAC Aix-en-Provence 1 REFN See Joan II 1 NOTE He was duke consort of Lorraine from 1431-1453 and made heir to the throne of 2 CONT Naples by Queen Joan II in February 1435. Complicated! You know it! Too much 2 CONT so for this family tree! To add to the confusion, Rene was considered a 2 CONT titular king, like his brother, Louis III, titular king of Naples(?)! 1 FAMS @F132@ 1 FAMC @F769@ 0 @I282@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Lorraine/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the elder daughter of Charles II of Lorraine. 1 FAMS @F132@ 1 FAMC @F766@ 0 @I283@ INDI 1 NAME Philip III // 1 NAME the /Bold/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 03 1245 2 PLAC Poissy, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 05 1285 2 PLAC Perpignan, France, died of fever 1 NOTE In his reign, the power of the monarchy was enlarged and the royal domain 2 CONT extended, though his foreign policy and military ventures were largely 2 CONT unsuccessful. 1 FAMS @F133@ 1 FAMS @F530@ 1 FAMC @F520@ 0 @I284@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Aragon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/PhilipIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1270 1 NOTE She died on the return from the crusade where Louis IX had perished. Her 2 CONT children, then motherless, saw little of their father, who, stricken by the 2 CONT death of his wife, threw himself into campaigning and administrative affairs. 2 CONT Also, she was the sister of the King of Aragon at that time, which likely 2 CONT meant that she was a daughter of a former King of Aragon, unfounded to this 2 CONT date. 1 FAMS @F133@ 0 @I285@ INDI 1 NAME Charles II the/Bald/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Holy Roman Emperor 875-77 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 823 2 PLAC Frankfurt-AM-Main, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 06 877 2 PLAC Brides-les-Bain, France 1 BURI 2 DATE SEE #1214 1 REFN See #1214 1 NOTE Charles II was called Charles the Bald and was not only king of France 2 CONT (843-877), but Holy Roman Emperor as Charles II, the 4th son of Holy 2 CONT Roman Emperor Louis I. He was given Alemannia by his father in 829. The 3 2 CONT jealous half brothers revolted against their father in 830, deposing Louis I. 2 CONT In 832 their father took Aquitaine away from Pepin and gave it to Charles and 2 CONT they revolted again. During Charles's reign, some of the splendors of the 2 CONT Carolingian renaissance were restored, enhanced by his church collaboration. 1 FAMS @F134@ 1 FAMC @F135@ 0 @I286@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles II the/Bald/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Royal consort/wife 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F134@ 0 @I287@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /I/ 1 NAME the /Pious/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Germany 814-840 1 BIRT 2 DATE 778 2 PLAC Chasseneuil, Aquitaine, near Poitiers 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 20 840 2 PLAC Petersaue, Germany 1 BURI 2 DATE METZ 2 PLAC Church of St. Arnulf 1 NOTE He was also King of Aquitaine 781-840. Louis was the son and sole successor 2 CONT of Charlemagne. In 817, Louis made plans for an orderly succession among his 2 CONT sons, Lothair I, Louis II, and Pepin of Aquitaine. Later, he wanted to include 2 CONT his son Charles II the Bald, son by a second marriage. Dissatisfied, the older 2 CONT three brothers rebelled (830 & 833/4) against their father & fought amongst 2 CONT themselves for supremacy as well. Pepin died in 838. Eventually, the empire 2 CONT was divided (843) among the three surviving brothers; the empire in disarray. 1 FAMS @F136@ 1 FAMS @F135@ 1 FAMC @F575@ 0 @I288@ INDI 1 NAME Judith of /Bavaria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Royal consort/Louis 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the second wife of Louis I. Her determination to have her only son 2 CONT find a way to a royal crown with two older half brothers still surviving led 2 CONT to civil war between those two sons by the first wife of Louis I: Holy Roman 2 CONT Emperor Lothair, and King Louis II of Germany. 1 FAMS @F135@ 0 @I289@ INDI 1 NAME Irmengard of /Hesbaye/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Royal consort/Louis I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 818 1 FAMS @F136@ 0 @I290@ INDI 1 NAME Lothair /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Holy Roman Emperor 840-55 1 BIRT 2 DATE 795 1 DEAT 2 DATE 855 1 NOTE In Aug-814 his father made him nominal king of Bavaria, then in 817 gave the 2 CONT crown of Bavaria to Louis II the German and made him, Lothair, co-emperor and 2 CONT heir, who was only 22 at the time. In 817, he was given control of Italy as 2 CONT Emperor. 1 FAMS @F579@ 1 FAMC @F136@ 0 @I291@ INDI 1 NAME Louis II the/German/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of E Franks(Germany) 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 804 2 PLAC Aquitaine, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 28 876 2 PLAC Frankfurt, Germany 1 NOTE In 817, his father gave him Bavaria to rule and made Lothair co-emperor and 2 CONT heir. The East Franks from which the German state later evolved. Their 2 CONT father having died in 840, in 843, Charles the Bald, Lothair, and Louis II the 2 CONT German divided the western, the middle, and the eastern parts of the empire, 2 CONT respectively between them. Louis, received the territory of Franconians, the 2 CONT Swabians, the Bavarians, and the Saxons, together with the Carolingain 2 CONT provences to the east. Later, quarrels and discontent between his 3 sons. 1 FAMS @F574@ 1 FAMC @F136@ 0 @I292@ INDI 1 NAME Osburh // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen Consort/Aethelwulf 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F137@ 0 @I293@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred /Mucill/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Ealdorman of the Giani 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F138@ 0 @I294@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Aethelred/Mucill/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F138@ 0 @I295@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert I of/Normandy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F140@ 0 @I296@ INDI 1 NAME Odo // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He becames one of the few of Willam's ministers of note, for awhile, until he 2 CONT lost favor and was finally thrown into prison on charge of disloyalty in 1082. 1 FAMC @F140@ 0 @I297@ INDI 1 NAME Robert of /Mortain/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Cornwall 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE As another of William's ministers of note, this half brother showed little 2 CONT capacity as minister. 1 FAMC @F140@ 0 @I298@ INDI 1 NAME Richard // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was "killed wilst hunting". 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I299@ INDI 1 NAME Richard II // 1 NAME Le Bon, the/Good/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/966-1027 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1027 1 NOTE Succeeded his father in 966, and was succeeded by his son, Robert I, in 1027, 2 CONT the father of William I, the Conqueror. 1 FAMS @F141@ 1 FAMC @F142@ 0 @I300@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Richard/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F141@ 0 @I301@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /I/ 1 NAME Sans Peur, the/Fearless/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/942-996 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 932 1 DEAT 2 DATE 996 1 NOTE In the history of the Dukes of Normandy, there is no information between 931 2 CONT and 942 as to the Dukes of Normandy. The 1st duke was Rollo, a direct 2 CONT ancestor of the rest, 860?-931?, the leader of a menacing band of Viking 2 CONT raiders. The Vikings set up their bases at the mouths of rivers. In 911 a 2 CONT large company of Vikings, under Rollo, accepted from King Charles the Simple 2 CONT of France, the simple territory in the lower Seine Valley that became known 2 CONT as Normandy. Rollo, therefore, became the 1st Duke of Normandy. See Rollo. 1 FAMS @F142@ 1 FAMC @F168@ 0 @I302@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Richard I of/Normandy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F142@ 0 @I303@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Mar 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE ATE UNK 1 FAMC @F4@ 0 @I304@ INDI 1 NAME Cerdic // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 534 1 NOTE Wessex, early Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southern England east of Cornwall, was 2 CONT founded by 2 princes, Cerdic and son Cynric in 494 or 495. Settlers followed 2 CONT in 501 and 514. They became kings in 519 in the southern part of Hampshire 2 CONT after successive battles with the Welsh. In 530, they conquered the Isle of 2 CONT Wight, which they gave to 2 relatives, Stuf and Wihgar. This dynasty is 2 CONT claimed to be of the same origin as the house of Benicia. When Cerdic died in 2 CONT 534, son Cynric succeeded, followed by his son, Ceawlin in 560. 1 FAMS @F143@ 0 @I305@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cedric/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 541, the Bubonic Plague ravages Europe, 2 CONT ending in 594, but halving the European population. In 520, King Arthur is 2 CONT said to have organized the Celtic defense against Saxon invaders. In 500, 2 CONT modern forms of harness for draft animals appear in China. 1 FAMS @F143@ 0 @I306@ INDI 1 NAME Cynric // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 560 1 NOTE Cynric defeated the Britons at (old) Salisbury in 552 with son Ceawlin, and at 2 CONT Beranburh, probably Barbury Hill near Surdon in 556. 1 FAMS @F144@ 1 FAMC @F143@ 0 @I307@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cynric/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 586, the earliest known depiction of 2 CONT Christ on the cross is made. In 565, the 1st recorded sighting of the Loch 2 CONT Ness Monster is made in Scotland. In 550, the Crucifix develops as an 2 CONT ornament. 1 FAMS @F144@ 0 @I308@ INDI 1 NAME Ceawlin // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 593 1 REFN See #309 2 SOUR Claims the "Chronicle", early writings of the times. 1 NOTE The kingdom was largely increased under Ceawlin with two great victories over 2 CONT the Welsh: (1) One at Bedcanford in 571, by which Aylesbury and the upper 2 CONT part of the Thames Valley fell into the hands of the west Saxons, and (2) at 2 CONT Dyrham in Gloucester in 577, which led to the capture of Cirencester, Bath 2 CONT and Gloucester. Ceawlin is said to have defeated Aethelbert at a place called 2 CONT Wibbandun in 568. In 592 he was expelled and died in 593. His successors were 2 CONT Ceol and Ceolwulf. Ceolwulf is said to have engaged in constant warfare. 1 FAMS @F288@ 1 FAMC @F144@ 0 @I309@ INDI 1 NAME Ceol // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 597 1 REFN See #308 1 NOTE King Ceawlin was succeeded by King Ceol in 592/3, his nephew. 2 CONT King Ceol was succeeded by King Ceolwulf in 597, his brother. 2 CONT King Ceolwulf was succeeded by King Cyneglis in 611, son of Ceol. 2 CONT King Cyneglis was succeeded by King Cenwahl, his son, in 673. 2 CONT Historical fact during this time: the earliest game of chess is invented in 2 CONT India in 600 AD. 1 FAMS @F287@ 1 FAMC @F286@ 0 @I310@ INDI 1 NAME Ceolwulf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 611 1 REFN See #309, #311 1 NOTE King Ceolwulf succeeded King Ceol, his brother in 597. Then, 2 CONT King Ceolwulf was succeeded by King Cynegils in 611, son of Cleo. 2 CONT King Cyneglis was succeeded by his son, King Cenwalh in 642/43. 2 CONT King Ceolwulf is said to have engaged in constant warfare. 1 FAMC @F286@ 0 @I311@ INDI 1 NAME Cynegils // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 DATE 635 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 673 1 REFN See #310 1 NOTE King Cynegils succeeded King Ceolwulf in 611, his uncle thro brother Ceol. 2 CONT King Cynegils was succeeded by son King Cenwalh in 643. King Cynegils, along 2 CONT with son Cwichen, were baptized in 635, making King Cynegils the first West 2 CONT Saxon king to convert to Christianity. 1 FAMS @F145@ 1 FAMC @F287@ 0 @I312@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cynegils/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F145@ 0 @I313@ INDI 1 NAME Cwichelm // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 DATE 635 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Cwichelm, brother to Cenwahl, the next king of Wessex after Cynegils, 2 CONT provoked a Northumbrian invasion by attempted murder of Edwin in 626. 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I314@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Oswald/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/King Oswald 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of King Cynegils, sister to Cwichelm and the next King 2 CONT of Wessex, Cenwalh. Also, she was the Queen/wife of the King of Northumbria, 2 CONT Oswald. 1 FAMS @F146@ 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I315@ INDI 1 NAME Cenwalh // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 673 1 REFN See #311, #318 1 NOTE King Cenwalh succeeded father, King Cynengils in 643. Cenwalh was succeeded 2 CONT by his widow, Sexburh, in 673. It is said she ruled for about a year and 2 CONT succeeded by Aescwine (son ?) from 674-676, then by Centwine, brother of 2 CONT Cenwalh, 676-85. The crown was then "assumed" by Ceadwalls in 685 - relartive? 1 FAMS @F147@ 1 FAMS @F148@ 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I316@ INDI 1 NAME Oswald // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 605 1 BAPM 2 DATE CHRISTIAN 2 PLAC Iona after 616 1 DEAT 2 DATE 641 1 BURI 2 DATE SAINT 1 NOTE Oswald introduced Christianity with the aid of St. Aidan after converting to 2 CONT Christianity while in exile after 616 in Iona. He aided brothers to drive out 2 CONT Anglian invaders - killed Cadwallon in battle in 633, and Succeeded his older 2 CONT brother to the throne. Oswald regained Northumbria and brought Christian 2 CONT missionaries to rebuild the shattered fabric of Christianity in Northern 2 CONT England but was killed in battle against the pagan King Penda of Mercia in 2 CONT 641, and again, Northumbria fell, this time to King Penda. See Oswy. 1 FAMS @F146@ 1 FAMC @F191@ 0 @I317@ INDI 1 NAME sister of /Penda/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Cenwalh married, then divorced the sister of Penda, the King of Mercia. Penda 2 CONT expelled Cenwalh because of the divorce to his sister, but after returning 2 CONT from Mercia, Cenwalh gained a victory over the Welsh near Pen-Selwood by 2 CONT which a large portion of Somerset came into his hands. In 661, he was again 2 CONT attacked by the Mercians, then under King Wulfhere. Cenwalh was in exile from 2 CONT 645-648, driven there by Penda for divorcing his sister. 1 FAMS @F147@ 0 @I318@ INDI 1 NAME Sexburg // 1 NAME sexburh // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Wessex/673-674 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 REFN See #315-#319 1 NOTE Sexburh became the 2nd wife to King Cenwalh, and at his death in 673, she 2 CONT held the crown and ruled for about a year, succeeded by Aescwine (son??) from 2 CONT 674-676, then by Centwine from 676-685 (son of ???) The throne was "assumed" 2 CONT in 685 by Ceadwalls in 685 (relative???). 1 FAMS @F148@ 0 @I319@ INDI 1 NAME Aescwine // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 676 1 REFN See #318, #320 1 NOTE King Aescwine succeeded Sexburh in 674, succeeded by Centwine from 676-685. 2 CONT In 685, there was an "assumption to the throne" by Ceadwalls. 0 @I320@ INDI 1 NAME Centwine // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 685 1 REFN See #319, #321 1 NOTE King Centwine succeeded Aescwine in 676 and ruled from 676-685, died?? 2 CONT Centwine was succeeded by an "assumption the the crown" by Ceadwalla in 685. 2 CONT After Centwine, the crown "was left to" Ine - relationship between all these 2 CONT cast of "characters" is unsure in 1997, but by the end of the 7th century a 2 CONT considerable part of Devonshire, as well as the whole of Somerset and Dorset 2 CONT had fallen into the hands of the West Saxons. 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I321@ INDI 1 NAME Ceadwalla // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 659 1 BAPM 2 DATE APR 10 689 2 PLAC Rome, as Christian convert 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 20 689 1 BURI 2 PLAC St. Peters 1 REFN See #320, #322 1 NOTE Ceadwall succeeded Centwine to the throne in 685 by an "assumption to the 2 CONT throne". As great grandson of Ceawlin, he increased the kingdom's prestigue 2 CONT by conquering the Isle of Wight, the inhabitants whom he treated with great 2 CONT barbarity. After a brief rule by Ceadwalla, he went to Rome, was baptized and 2 CONT died, leaving the kingdom to Ine - a relative?? Again, by the end of the 7th 2 CONT century, a considerable part of Devonshire, as well as the whole of Somerset 2 CONT and Dorset, had fallen into the hands of the West Saxons. 1 FAMC @F290@ 0 @I322@ INDI 1 NAME Ine // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 REFN See #321, #323 1 NOTE After a brief rule, Ceadwalla, whom Ine had succeeded having had the kingdom 2 CONT "left to him"(??), (relative??), King Ine resigned the throne in 726. The 2 CONT throne was then "obtained" by Aethelred, his brother-in-law, who had to submit 2 CONT to the Mercian King, Aethelbald, by whom he seemed to have been attacked 2 CONT in 733. Aethelred was succeeded by Cuthred in 740. Under King Ine, Wessex 2 CONT emerged as one of the strongest kingdoms on the Isle, being ruled mostly by 2 CONT other Saxon kingdoms such Mercia, Northumbria & Kent during the 7th century. 1 FAMC @F292@ 0 @I323@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 740 1 REFN See #322, #324 1 NOTE Aethelred "obtained the throne" from King Ine, his brother-in-law, in 726, 2 CONT when Ine resigned. Aethelred, however, had to "submit" to the Mercian King, 2 CONT Aethelbad, by whom he seems to have been attacked in 733. Aethelred was 2 CONT succeeded by Cuthred in 740 - relative?? 0 @I324@ INDI 1 NAME Cuthred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 756 1 REFN See #323, #325 1 NOTE Cuthred succeeded Aethelred (relative??) in 740, and acted in concert with 2 CONT Aethelred at first, but then revolted in 752. Cuthred died in 756 and was 2 CONT succeeded by Sigelbert (relative??) to the throne of the Anglo-Saxons in 2 CONT Wessex. Historical facts during this time: In 755, the formation of the Papal 2 CONT States begins in Italy. In 748, the 1st newspaper appears in China. In 731, 2 CONT the Venerable Bede writes a history of the English Church. In 730, printing 2 CONT begins in China. In 700, waterwheels are used throughout Europe. 0 @I325@ INDI 1 NAME Sigelbert // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 REFN See #326 1 NOTE Siegelbert succeeded King Cuthred in 756 as King of the Anglo-Saxons in Wessex 2 CONT but because of his regal blunders, he was deserted by most of his leading 2 CONT nobles. With the exception of Hampshire, the entire kingdome came into the 2 CONT hands of Cynewulf (relative??). Sigelbert, after putting to death the last of 2 CONT his faithful princes, was driven into exile and subseqwuently murdered. 0 @I326@ INDI 1 NAME Cynewulf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 786 1 REFN See #324, #327 1 NOTE The kindom ruled by King Cuthred, with the exception of Hampshire, had fallen 2 CONT "into the hands" of Cynewulf after King Cuthred "lost his kingdom" and was 2 CONT driven into exile and later murdered. Cynewulf (relative to Cuthred??) was 2 CONT sucucceeded in 786 by Berhtric (relative??). Berhtric married Eadburg, the 2 CONT daughter of Offa, the Mercian King. Cynewulf was murdered by Cyneheard, 2 CONT brother of Sigeberht. 0 @I327@ INDI 1 NAME Berhtric // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 802 1 REFN See #326, #238 1 NOTE Berhtric succeeded Cynewulf in 786 (relatives??). Berhtric's wife, Eadburg, 2 CONT was the daughter of the Mercian King Offa. Apparently, her murderous conduct 2 CONT led to the death of her husband, King Berhtric, in 802. Berthric was then 2 CONT succeeded by Egbert and later, in 825, King Egbert overthrew the then Mercian 2 CONT king, Beornwulf, leading to West Saxon supremacy and to the annexation by 2 CONT by Wessex of Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Essex. See Egbert. 1 FAMS @F149@ 0 @I328@ INDI 1 NAME Eadburg // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Berhtric 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Eadburg was the daughter of the Mercian king, Offa. Her apparent "murderous 2 CONT conduct" led to the death of her husband, King Berhtric in 802. 1 FAMS @F149@ 1 FAMC @F150@ 0 @I329@ INDI 1 NAME Offa // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Mercia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F150@ 0 @I330@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Offa/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/King Offa 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F150@ 0 @I331@ INDI 1 NAME father of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F151@ 1 FAMC @F152@ 0 @I332@ INDI 1 NAME mother of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F151@ 0 @I333@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Henry /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl or Prince of Orkney 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1400 1 NOTE The title of Earl (prince) of Orkney was created by Haakon VI, King of Norway 2 CONT in 1379. Aided by Venetian navigators, Niccoloand and Antonio Zeno, conquered 2 CONT (1391) Faveroe Islands (Frislanda) and Shetland. 2 CONT The St. Clair, or Sinclair, Scottish family held the Earldom of Orkey from 2 CONT 1379-1471, and the Earldom of Caithness from 1455. 1 FAMS @F152@ 1 FAMC @F153@ 0 @I334@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir Henry/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F152@ 0 @I335@ INDI 1 NAME Sir William /St. Clair/ 1 NAME or /Sinclair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1330 1 NOTE He accompanied Sir James Douglas to Palestine and was slain with him by 2 CONT Saracens in Audalusia. 1 FAMS @F153@ 1 FAMC @F158@ 0 @I336@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F153@ 0 @I337@ INDI 1 NAME wife of William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F157@ 0 @I338@ INDI 1 NAME son of William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F155@ 1 FAMC @F157@ 0 @I339@ INDI 1 NAME wife of son of William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F155@ 0 @I342@ INDI 1 NAME George /St. Clair/ 1 NAME or /Sinclair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 4th Earl of Caithness 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1582 1 NOTE This Great Grandson of Sir William (born 1404-1480) was a Roman Catholic 2 CONT supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots, who was implicated in the murder of her 2 CONT 2nd husband, Henry Stewart. George presided at the trial of Mary's 3rd 2 CONT husband, Bothwell, in the murder of her husband number 2. 1 FAMC @F155@ 0 @I343@ INDI 1 NAME son of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F158@ 1 FAMC @F159@ 0 @I344@ INDI 1 NAME wife of son of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F158@ 0 @I345@ INDI 1 NAME Sir William /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Baron of Rosslyn 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1240 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1303 1 NOTE Partisan of Baliol and leader of Scots in revolt against Edward I of England. 1 FAMS @F159@ 0 @I346@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F159@ 0 @I347@ INDI 1 NAME Prince Charles of/Norway/ 1 NAME King Haakon of/Norway/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Norway 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He and his wife were cousins. He became King Haakon of Norway. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1891, American Express Company issued 2 CONT the 1st Traveler's checks. In 1892 the 1st newspaper comics were published by 2 CONT the San Francisco Examiner. In 1895, the American Bowling Congress is 2 CONT founded, the ABC. In 1896, the 1st modern Olympics are held at Athens, Greece 2 CONT with 13 Countries competing. In 1897, the Katzenjammer Kids comics began by 2 CONT Rudolph Dirks. 1 FAMS @F160@ 0 @I348@ INDI 1 NAME Edith // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Married Edward the Confessor. 1 FAMS @F161@ 1 FAMC @F162@ 0 @I349@ INDI 1 NAME Godwin // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1053 1 NOTE His father was Canute II, called the Great, 994-1035, Danish King of England 2 CONT 1016-1035, King of Norway 1028-1035, and King of Denmark 1018-1035. Canute 2 CONT was the son of Sweyn I Forkbeard, King of Denmark who conquerer England in 2 CONT 1013. From 1013 to 1042, there were proclaimed and self-proclaimed Kings of 2 CONT England, due to foreign rule. 1 FAMS @F162@ 0 @I350@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Godwin/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F162@ 0 @I351@ INDI 1 NAME Harold II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1020 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1066 2 PLAC Battle of Hastings 1 NOTE Harold was a short-lived King of England; ruled from January 6, 1066 to 2 CONT October 14, 1066, when he died in battle during the Norman conquest at the 2 CONT Battle of Hastings in 1066 having succeeded Edward the Confessor who had 2 CONT died in January. Harold had earlier been made the Earl of Anglia in 1045 and 2 CONT was to be the last Anglo-Saxon King of England. William I, the Conqueror, 2 CONT would succeed him as King of England. Still earlier, Harold became Earl of 2 CONT Wessex when his father, Godwin, died in 1053. 1 FAMC @F162@ 0 @I352@ INDI 1 NAME Tostig // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1024 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1066 2 PLAC Battle of Hastings 1 NOTE Killed at the Battle of Hastings along with his brother, Harold II, 2 CONT proclaimed King of England after Edward the confessor died. 1 FAMC @F162@ 0 @I353@ INDI 1 NAME Sweyn /I/ 1 NAME Sweyn /Forkbeard/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Denmark, etc 1 BIRT 2 DATE 960 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1014 2 PLAC Gainsborough 1 NOTE King of Denmark, 985-1014. He made an expedition against England and in 994 2 CONT extorted a large amount of tribute money. Following a massacre of Danes in 2 CONT England in 1002, he conducted a further series of raids and in 1013 led an 2 CONT invasion to effect a permanent conquest. The fall of London and the flight of 2 CONT the English King Ethelred to Normandy made Sweyn the master of England in 2 CONT 1014. After his death, the English throne was eventually passed to his son 2 CONT Canute II in 1016. Sweyn "died suddenly" at Gainsborough. 1 FAMS @F163@ 1 FAMC @F165@ 0 @I354@ INDI 1 NAME Gunnhild // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Widow of King Erik the Victorious of Sweden. 1 FAMS @F163@ 0 @I355@ INDI 1 NAME Canute II // 1 NAME the Great, or/Cnut/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Denmark, etc 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 994 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1035 1 NOTE Norwegian, who, upon the death of his father, Sweyn I Forkbeard, became 2 CONT undisputed King of England from 1016-1035, then King of Denmark 1018-1035, 2 CONT and King of Norway 1028-1035. His father having conquered England in 1013, 2 CONT then dying in 1014 caused Ethelred to return to reclaim his throne. 2 CONT This caused Canute to invade in 1015, but the English advisory council of 2 CONT Anglo-Saxon kings reinstated Ethelred, who died in 1016. After Ethelred's 2 CONT son, Edmund II, died in November 1016, Canute II became undisputed King. 1 FAMS @F482@ 1 FAMS @F164@ 1 FAMC @F163@ 0 @I356@ INDI 1 NAME Hardecanute // 1 NAME Harthacanute // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1019 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1042 1 NOTE King of England 1040-1042, succeeding his half-brother Harold I. Hardecanute 2 CONT was unpopular with his subjects and left control with the powerful Godwin, 2 CONT Earl of Wessex, and his mother Emma. He was succeeded by his hal