0 HEAD 1 SOUR BROSKEEP 2 VERS 5.2 WINDOWS 1 DEST BROSKEEP 1 DATE 14 MAR 1998 1 CHAR ANSI 1 FILE C:\BK5\ROYAL\ROYAL.GED 0 @I1@ INDI 1 NAME Sir William /St. Clair/ 1 NAME Sinclair // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Chancellor of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1404 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1480 1 NOTE Ist Earl of Caithness 1455 & 3rd Earl of Orkney. Chancellor of Scotland from 2 CONT 1454-1456. William assisted in repelling English invasion of 1448. He was a 2 CONT regent and ambassador to England, 1461. On cession of Orkney Islands by 2 CONT Norway to King James III of Scotland in 1461, he resigned his rights in favor 2 CONT of the soverign. 1 FAMS @F2@ 1 FAMS @F1@ 1 FAMC @F151@ 0 @I2@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F1@ 0 @I3@ INDI 1 NAME William /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F1@ 0 @I4@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F3@ 1 FAMC @F1@ 0 @I5@ INDI 1 NAME Marjorie /Sutherland/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 2 PLAC Dunbeath 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F2@ 0 @I6@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Oliver St. Clair of/Rosslyn/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I7@ INDI 1 NAME William /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Caithness 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F157@ 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I8@ INDI 1 NAME Sir David St. Clair of/Swinburgh/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I9@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I10@ INDI 1 NAME John /St. Clair/ 1 NAME Bishop of /Caithness/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F2@ 0 @I11@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander, Duke of/Albany/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Albany 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1485 1 NOTE He and his brother John, Earl of Mar, were arrested by brother James III in 2 CONT 1479. Held in custody by Scottish nobles at the outbreak of war, Alexander 2 CONT escaped to England in 1482 and was recognized by English King Edward IV as 2 CONT King of Scotland. With the aid of English troops, Alexander captured Berwick 2 CONT and marched to Edinburgh, favoring peace with England, unlike brother James 2 CONT III. In the resultant rebellion among the nobles, Alexander was defeated in 2 CONT battle near Stirling and murdered later, or, killed in tournament(?), in 1485. 1 FAMS @F3@ 1 FAMC @F4@ 0 @I12@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /James/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F4@ 0 @I13@ INDI 1 NAME James II // 1 NAME "of fiery face" (large/birthmark)/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1430 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1460 1 NOTE James II reigned from 1437-1460. His father, James I, fell victim to 2 CONT conspiracy and James II, age 6, became King, 1437-1460. James II was killed 2 CONT in an Artillery demonstration, hit by "a piece of mis-framed gun that brak in 2 CONT the shooting", leaving a young James III under regency of Mary Guildres, then 2 CONT Bishop James Kennedy, and finally unscrululous Lord Boyd of Kilmarnock, high 2 CONT justican, after whom James III assumed control in 1469 when Lord Boyd died. 1 FAMS @F4@ 1 FAMC @F74@ 0 @I14@ INDI 1 NAME James /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1394 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 20/211437 2 PLAC Perth, Scotland 1 NOTE James I was the 3rd monarch from the House of Stuart, or Stewart, who reigned 2 CONT technically from 1406-1437. However, James was held prisoner in England 'til 2 CONT 1424, when a ransom was paid for his release. So, from 1406 to 1420, 2 CONT Scotland was ruled by regency, by the Duke of Albany 'til his death, then by 2 CONT regency of James' son , Murdock, the 2nd duke. James I, therefore, only 2 CONT actually ruled from 1424-1437. 1 FAMS @F74@ 1 FAMC @F6@ 0 @I16@ INDI 1 NAME Murdoch // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Murdock, the 2nd Duke, ruled in regency from 1420-1424, when James I, his 2 CONT brother, was relased by the English for ransom paid. 1 FAMC @F74@ 0 @I17@ INDI 1 NAME Robert III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1337 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1406 1 NOTE Robert III was the 2rd Stuart King of the Scots, reigning from 1390-1406. His 2 CONT name originally was John Stuart, or Stewart. He was a lame old man who with 2 CONT some reason described himself as "the worst of Kings, and the most wretched 2 CONT of men". 1 FAMS @F6@ 1 FAMC @F18@ 0 @I18@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Robert/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Robert III 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F6@ 0 @I19@ INDI 1 NAME James III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1452 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1488 1 NOTE Reigned as King of Scotland from 1460-1488. He was killed in a civil conflict 2 CONT in 1488. He had continued the policy to break powers of the great nobles. See 2 CONT Alexander, Duke of Albany. 1 FAMS @F7@ 1 FAMC @F4@ 0 @I20@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Denmark/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James III 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F7@ 0 @I21@ INDI 1 NAME James IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1473 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 1513 1 NOTE Reigned as King of Scotland from 1488-1513. 1 FAMS @F8@ 1 FAMC @F7@ 0 @I22@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Tudor/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James IV 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1489 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1541 1 NOTE Elder daughter of Henry VII, King of England and sister to the future new 2 CONT King of England, Henry VIII. This made James IV and Henry VIII 2 CONT brothers-in-law. Margaret became Queen consort to James IV, King of the 2 CONT Scots, not King of England/Great Britain. 1 FAMS @F8@ 1 FAMS @F130@ 1 FAMS @F131@ 1 FAMC @F46@ 0 @I24@ INDI 1 NAME James /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1512 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 14 1542 1 NOTE James V died 6 days after the birth of his daughter and heiress to the throne 2 CONT of Scotland, Mary Queen of Scots. He reigned as King from 1513-1542. 1 FAMS @F10@ 1 FAMS @F11@ 1 FAMC @F8@ 0 @I25@ INDI 1 NAME daughter of Francis/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1537 1 NOTE Died as a bride. 1 FAMS @F10@ 1 FAMC @F203@ 0 @I26@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of /Guise/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 1560 2 PLAC Edinburgh Castle 1 NOTE Mary Guise was reappointed regent by Arron after resigning his post, becoming 2 CONT a French policy. 1 FAMS @F11@ 1 FAMS @F12@ 0 @I27@ INDI 1 NAME du /de Longueville/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Died and left Mary of Guise free to marry James V sometimes after 1537. 1 FAMS @F12@ 0 @I28@ INDI 1 NAME Mary Queen of/Scots/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 08 1542 2 PLAC Linlithgow 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 1587 2 PLAC Executed 1 NOTE Mary was executed by Queen Elizabeth for suspicion of taking part in the 2 CONT murder or her second husband and cousin, Henry. Arron acted as regent 2 CONT during her early reign while Mary was still a child. Later, Mary of Guise, 2 CONT acted as regent. Arron had sent Mary to France for 13 years in 1548 in 2 CONT contemplation of her marrying the heir to the French throne. She did marry 2 CONT Francis II when she was 15/16 in 1558, but she returned to Scotland in 1561 2 CONT after mother Mary of Guise and husband Francis II died the same year, 1560. 1 FAMS @F13@ 1 FAMS @F14@ 1 FAMS @F15@ 1 FAMC @F11@ 0 @I29@ INDI 1 NAME Francis II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1544 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 1560 1 NOTE Arranged marriage by regent Arron of Scotland with the heir to the French 2 CONT throne. Mary had been sent to France by Arron in 1548, where she lived for 13 2 CONT years before returning to Scotland in August of 1561 after her husband died. 2 CONT Francis was sickly & weak-minded and the government was actually run by his 2 CONT uncle Francois de Lorraine, duc de Guise, and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. 1 FAMS @F13@ 1 FAMC @F380@ 0 @I30@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Stewart/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Lord of Darnley 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 10 1567 2 PLAC Kirk-of-Field, outside of Edinburgh 1 NOTE This was Mary's cousin, who was murdered and his house blown up with 2 CONT gunpowder. Bothwell was suspected to be the principle actor in the crime but 2 CONT was married by Mary in 1567. This proved very suspicious to Elizabeth, Queen 2 CONT of England, so Mary was imprisioned twice, once at the Lochleven Castle where 2 CONT she escaped, and again in May of 1568. Eventually, Mary was executed in Feb. 2 CONT of 1587. Queen Elizabeth appointed Moray and others to act as regent for 2 CONT Mary's infant son, James VI from 1567. James VI would become James I England. 1 FAMS @F14@ 0 @I31@ INDI 1 NAME Bothwell // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Apparently, he arranged the murder of Mary's 2nd husband, Henry, Lord of 2 CONT Darney. 1 FAMS @F15@ 0 @I33@ INDI 1 NAME James /I/ 1 NAME James VI, King of/Scotland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1603-1625 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 19 1566 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1625 1 REFN James I England 1 NOTE In 1582, at the age of 15, James became responsible for the Government in 2 CONT Scotland. In 1603, James found accession to the crown of England, thereby 2 CONT creating a union of crowns when Queen Elizabeth I of England died on March 2 CONT 24, 1603. She was the last of her line, having had no children, as well as her 2 CONT own legitimacy questioned by the rules of the Church with respect to divorce. 2 CONT 1st James King of Great Britain, 1603-1625, King of Scotland, 1567-1625. 1 FAMS @F16@ 1 FAMC @F14@ 0 @I34@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Denmark/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James VI/1 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F16@ 0 @I35@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1596 2 PLAC Fife, scotland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1662 1 BURI 2 PLAC Westminster Abbey 1 NOTE Bore Sophia, the mother to George I, as well as 12 other children. This 2 CONT Elizabeth is not Queen Elizabeth. 1 FAMS @F22@ 1 FAMC @F16@ 0 @I36@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1600 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1649 2 PLAC Whitehall, he was beheaded. 1 NOTE King of Great Britain, 1625-1649. Second son of James VI (James I of Great 2 CONT Britain) and Anne of Denmark. Had ongoing war with parliment and later 2 CONT Cromwell, who defeated him in battle, led to Charles I being beheaded. 2 CONT Cromwell set up a new form of government. Great Britain became a 2 CONT Commonwealt under Cromwell from 1649-1660. 1 FAMS @F17@ 1 FAMC @F16@ 0 @I37@ INDI 1 NAME Henrietta /Maria/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sister to Louis XIII of France. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1608, the first telescope was invented 2 CONT by Dutch optcian, Hans Lippershey. In 1615, Coffee was introduced into Italy 2 CONT from Turkey. 1 FAMS @F17@ 0 @I38@ INDI 1 NAME Charles II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 29 1630 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 06 1685 1 NOTE Died without legitimate children. Had numerous mistresses, including Lucy 2 CONT Walter, the Dutchesses of Cleveland and Portsmith, and Nell Gwyn, and many 2 CONT illegitimate children, most of whom he acknowledged and enobled. Then, the 2 CONT Duke of York, Charles' brother, succeeded to the throne as James VII/II. 2 CONT Historical facts of the time: In 1661, Charles II orders the corpse of Oliver 2 CONT Cromwell be disinterred, hanged and beheaded. In 1665, an outbreak of the 2 CONT Great plague began in London. No Parliament from 1682 'til Charles died. 1 FAMS @F198@ 1 FAMC @F17@ 0 @I39@ INDI 1 NAME James II // 1 NAME King James II of Great/Britain/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 04 1633 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 05 1701 1 NOTE His brother Charles II having died, James was given the crown for a few years, 2 CONT then the crown was taken away and offered to William and Mary, and accepted. 2 CONT Mary was James' daughter, who married William of Orange. As to the crown of 2 CONT Great Britain, William (William III) & Mary ruled jointly until Mary died in 2 CONT 1694. Then William died on March 19, 1702, when Mary's sister, Queen Anne, 2 CONT succeeded to the throne of Great Britain. 2 CONT . 1 FAMS @F125@ 1 FAMS @F126@ 1 FAMC @F17@ 0 @I40@ INDI 1 NAME Robert II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1316 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1390 1 NOTE Robert II reigned as King of the Scots /King of Scotland from 1371-1390. When 2 CONT he succeeded David II in 1371, he was 55 years old and already worn out by 2 CONT a strenuous public life. He was the first monarch from the House of Stuart, 2 CONT or Stewart, to reign. 1 FAMS @F18@ 1 FAMC @F96@ 0 @I41@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Robert/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Robert II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F18@ 0 @I42@ INDI 1 NAME David II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1321 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1371 1 NOTE Son of Robert Bruce, succeeded his father at 5 years of age, but in 1331, 2 CONT just after coronation, Edward de Baliol, an English-backed claimant to the 2 CONT throne disposed him. David lived in exile in France for 8 years, & 5 years 2 CONT later was defeated in battle & incarcerated for 11 years 'til ransom released 2 CONT him in 1357. Thereafter, David regained his throne and enjoyed friendly 2 CONT relations with the English. His nephew, Robert II, succeeded him in 1371, the 2 CONT founder of the Stuart (Stewart) dynasty. 1 FAMS @F197@ 1 FAMC @F95@ 0 @I44@ INDI 1 NAME Mary II // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 30 1662 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 28 1694 1 NOTE Ruled jointly with cousin/husband William when crown was taken from father, 2 CONT James II of Great Britain. Parliament offered joint power to her and husband 2 CONT William, then William III. After they both died, Mary's sister, Anne, became 2 CONT Queen Anne of Great Britain. Mary was 15 years old when she married William 2 CONT of Orange, later William III. 1 FAMS @F20@ 1 FAMC @F125@ 0 @I45@ INDI 1 NAME Anne // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 06 1665 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 01 1714 1 NOTE Ruled as Queen Anne after her sister, Mary II, and husband William III died. 2 CONT although there were many pregnancies with her marriage to Prince George, none 2 CONT survived and she was succeeded by Hanoverian George I, descendant of James I. 1 FAMS @F21@ 1 FAMC @F125@ 0 @I46@ INDI 1 NAME William III // 1 NAME William of /Orange/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 14 1650 2 PLAC Hague, Holland 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 19 1702 1 NOTE Ruled jointly with Mary 'til she died in 1694, then ruled alone 'til his 2 CONT death in March of 1702. Then Mary's sister, Anne became Queen, as there were 2 CONT no children from his marriage to Mary II. 1 FAMS @F20@ 1 FAMC @F127@ 0 @I47@ INDI 1 NAME Prince George of/Denmark/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Denmark 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1653 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1708 1 NOTE Historical facts of the time: In 1700, Johann Denner invented the Clarinet. 2 CONT In 1701, Captain Kidd was hanged for piracy. In 1702, England declared war on 2 CONT France and Spain, Queen Anne began war in America when the British attacked 2 CONT Saint Augustine in Florida, and the indians and French massacred British 2 CONT settlers in Deerfield, Mass.. Also in 1702, the first daily newspaper, The 2 CONT Daily Courant, was published in London. 1 FAMS @F21@ 0 @I48@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1596 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1632 1 NOTE He was the King of Bohemia from 1619-1620, but was stripped of his electorate 2 CONT in 1623. 1 FAMS @F22@ 1 FAMC @F618@ 0 @I49@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU electress 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1630 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1714 1 NOTE Was to become mother to George I, King of Great Britain. She married Earnest 2 CONT Augustus when she was 17 years old. 1 FAMS @F23@ 1 FAMC @F22@ 0 @I50@ INDI 1 NAME Ernest /Augustus/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1629 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1698 1 NOTE Father to George I, King of Great Britain. 1 FAMS @F23@ 0 @I51@ INDI 1 NAME George /I/ 1 NAME George /Louis/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 28 1660 2 PLAC Osnabruck, Hannover 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 11 1727 2 PLAC Osnabruck, Hannover 1 NOTE George never learned English and spent much of his life away from Great 2 CONT Britain, to the outrage of his British subjects. Hannover is now lower 2 CONT Saxony, Germany. He was also Elector of Hannover, 1698-1727, as well as King 2 CONT of Great Britain from 1714-1727. Historical facts of the time: In 1718, 2 CONT Blackbeard the pirate was killed by militia. In 1719, James Figg became the 2 CONT first boxing champion in England, and one of the first Cricket matches was 2 CONT played when London met Kent. 1 FAMS @F24@ 1 FAMC @F23@ 0 @I52@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia /Dorothea/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/George I 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 13 1666 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 23 1726 2 PLAC Schloss Ahlden, Lower Saxony (Germany) 1 NOTE Sophia, a cousin to her husband George I, was accused of adultery by George, 2 CONT then divorced and incarcerated from 1694 'til she died in 1726 - 32 years! 2 CONT Her marriage was an unhappy one. Her mother-in-law hated her, and this 2 CONT feeling was soon shared by her husband. Under these circumstances she made 2 CONT the acquaintance of Count Philipp Christoph von Konigsmark, who assisted her 2 CONT in one or two attempts to escape from Hanover and who was regarded as her 2 CONT lover. The Count assassinated,1694; Sophia imprisoned in the castle of Ahlden. 1 FAMS @F24@ 1 FAMC @F602@ 0 @I53@ INDI 1 NAME George II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 10 1683 2 PLAC Herrenhausen Palace in Hannover 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 25 1760 2 PLAC Kensington Palace, London, England 1 NOTE George II was raised as a German prince. Like his father, George I, he was 2 CONT more interested in the affairs of Hannover than of Great Brtiain. His wife, 2 CONT Caroline, frequently acted as regent in London. When he died in 1760, he was 2 CONT succeeded by his grandson, George III. He ruled on the British throne from 2 CONT 1727-1760, and was Elector of Hannover from 1727-1760. 1 FAMS @F25@ 1 FAMC @F24@ 0 @I54@ INDI 1 NAME Caroline of /Ansbach/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/George II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Caroline frequenlty acted as regent for her husband, the King, in British 2 CONT affairs in London. 1 FAMS @F25@ 0 @I55@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /Louis/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Frederick was the eldest son of George II, and, the Prince of Wales 2 CONT from 1707-1751. Frederick's eldest son would become George III, King. 1 FAMS @F26@ 1 FAMC @F25@ 0 @I56@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Frederick/Louis/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Mother to be of George III, King. 1 FAMS @F26@ 0 @I57@ INDI 1 NAME George III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 04 1738 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 29 1820 2 PLAC Windsor Palace, London, England 1 NOTE George III was the 1st of the Hannoverian kings to be born and educated as an 2 CONT Englishman. Poor health would follow him. From 1765 on he developed dementia 2 CONT and in 1809 he became blind. Although he ruled technically from 1760-1820, 2 CONT his son, George IV, acted as regent from 1811 due to his father's poor health. 2 CONT George III was also Elector of Hannover from 1815-1820. 1 FAMS @F27@ 1 FAMC @F26@ 0 @I58@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /George/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts of this time: In 1731, The Gentlemens' Magazine, the 1st 2 CONT magazine, was published in London. In 1739, John Wesley Founded the 1st 2 CONT Methodist religious movement. 1 FAMS @F27@ 0 @I59@ INDI 1 NAME George IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 12 1762 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 26 1830 2 PLAC Windsor Palace, London, England 1 NOTE He ruled from 1820-1830, and was King of Hannover from 1820-1830. his 2 CONT marriage to Maria Anne was short-lived, for she was a Catholic, and He 2 CONT allowed Parliament to declare the marriage illegal. In 1795, he married his 2 CONT cousin, Caroline of Brunswick. This marriage did not go well. He deserted 2 CONT Caroline from 1813 on, and she lived much of her time in Italy. George was 2 CONT ultimately succeeded by his brother, William IV; the third son of George III. 1 FAMS @F28@ 1 FAMS @F29@ 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I60@ INDI 1 NAME Mrs. Maria Anne/Fitzherbert/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1765 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1837 1 NOTE Historical facts of this time: In 1750, the waltz became a popular dance in 2 CONT Europe. In 1754, the French attack against the English in Ohio lead to the 2 CONT last French and Indian War. In 1768, the 1st weekly numbers of the 2 CONT Encylopaedia Britannica are issued. In 1770, a brawl between British troops 2 CONT and colonists leads to the Boston Massacre. In 1773, American colonists throw 2 CONT Boston tea into the Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. In 1774, Rhode 2 CONT Island becomes the 1st state in America to abolish slavery. 1 FAMS @F28@ 0 @I61@ INDI 1 NAME Caroline of /Brunswick/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1768 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1821 1 NOTE Caroline, the Queen consort of George IV, was the daughter of Charles William 2 CONT Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (1735-1806). Her uncle, George III arranged the 2 CONT marriage to his son, George IV, Prince of Wales, in 1795, but George IV 2 CONT didn't like her, so after their daughter was born in 1796, he ultimately 2 CONT deserted her from 1813 on. She spent much of her final years in Italy. 1 FAMS @F29@ 1 FAMC @F211@ 0 @I62@ INDI 1 NAME Charlotte /Augusta/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess/Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1796 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1817 1 NOTE Princess, a daughter to King George IV. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1775, British troops and the colonial 2 CONT militia clash at Lexington, starting the American Revolution. In 1776, the 2 CONT Continential Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence and the Stars 2 CONT and Strips for the American flag. In 1780, the Derby horse race is 2 CONT established in England. In 1781, the British, under Cornwallis, surrender to 2 CONT the Americans at Yorktown. In 1782, peace talks open in Paris. 1 FAMS @F215@ 1 FAMC @F29@ 0 @I63@ INDI 1 NAME William IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 21 1765 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1837 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of George III and younger brother of George IV. About 1791 2 CONT he made a liaison with Irish actress dorothea Jordon (1762-1816) and they 2 CONT went on to have 10 children. In 1818, after he unexpectedly came in line for 2 CONT the throne, he married a German Princess. She bore him 2 daughters, both dying 2 CONT in infancy, so William was succeeded by his niece, Victoria. He reigned as 2 CONT King from 1830-1837, & Hannover 1830-37 succeeding his brother, George the IV. 2 CONT Hannover was inherited by brother Ernest Augustus, (1771-1851). 1 FAMS @F30@ 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I64@ INDI 1 NAME Ernest /Augustus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hannover 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1771 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1851 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I65@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide of /Saxe-Meiningen/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1792 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1849 1 NOTE This German Princess had 2 daughters, both dying in infancy, which left no 2 CONT direct heirs to the throne through William IV. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1783, the Independence of the U.S. is 2 CONT recognized by the British at the Treaty of Paris. In 1785, New York City 2 CONT became temporary capital of the U.S.. In 1789, the 1st National Thanksgiving 2 CONT Day is celebrated in the U.S. and George Washington is elected as first U.S. 2 CONT president. In 1791, the Bill of Rights is ratified and the First Bank founded. 1 FAMS @F30@ 0 @I66@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /Augustus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Kent & Strathearn 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1767 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1820 1 NOTE The 4th son of George III and the Duke of Kent. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1792, the dollar is selected as U.S. unit 2 CONT of currency. In 1793, the cornerstone of the Capital Building is layed by 2 CONT George Wasington. In 1796, a portrait of George Washington is painted by 2 CONT Gilbert Stuart, used later on the dollar bill. In 1799, Britain becomes the 2 CONT 1st to introduce a national income tax. In 1800, the Library of Congress is 2 CONT founded and the seat of the U.S. Government is set up in Washington, D.C.. 1 FAMS @F31@ 1 FAMC @F27@ 0 @I67@ INDI 1 NAME Mary Louisa /Victoria/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1786 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1861 1 NOTE Mary Louisa was the daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1803, France sells Louisiana to U.S.. In 2 CONT 1816, the building of the 1st U.S. National Road, the 1st U.S. Federal 2 CONT Highway, begins in Maryland. In 1812, begins the War of 1812 between the U.S. 2 CONT and Britain, and the 1st coal gas generating station is chartered in London 2 CONT to provide gas lighting. In 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812. 2 CONT In 1818, Mary Shelly published novel, Frankenstein. (youngest daughter). 1 FAMS @F31@ 1 FAMC @F213@ 0 @I68@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria // 1 NAME Alexandrina Victoria, /birth/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 24 1819 2 PLAC Kensington Palace, London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1901 1 NOTE Victoria became Queen of United kingdom and Ireland (1837-1901) when she was 2 CONT 18 years old, and Empress of India in 1876-1901. She married Albert of 2 CONT Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840 after a glorious romance, and they had 9 children. 2 CONT Victoria had the title of Prince bestowed upon her husband, so he became 2 CONT Prince Albert, by English standards. She reigned 63 years: longest in history. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: English inventor John Walker invents friction 2 CONT matches. In 1828, Noah Webster publishes American Dictionary of English. 1 FAMS @F32@ 1 FAMC @F31@ 0 @I69@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Albert/ 1 NAME Franz Albrecht Augustus Karl/Emmanuel/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince consort/Victoria 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1819 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1861 1 NOTE Albert was Victoria's 1st cousin. He died of typhoid fever at age 42. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1837, Charles Wheatstone designs electric 2 CONT telegraph system and Louis Daguerre invents method of taking permanent 2 CONT photographs. In 1840, the 1st adhesive postage stamp is issued in London, but 2 CONT the 1st U.S. stamp is issued in 1847. Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in 2 CONT 1848, starting the California Gold Rush. In 1861, the Confederate States 2 CONT declare Independence, and the U.S. Civil War begins at Fort Sumter. 1 FAMS @F32@ 1 FAMC @F224@ 0 @I70@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria // 1 NAME Victoria Adelaide Mary/Louise/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Germany 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 21 1840 2 PLAC London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 05 1901 2 PLAC Schloss Friedrichshof, Kronberg,Germany 1 NOTE She would become Empress of Germany. Well-educated and multilingual from 2 CONT childhood (largely spent at Windsor and Buckingham palace) she stayed strongly 2 CONT devoted to England. She was again subject to estrangement, for her son, the 2 CONT new emperor William II, was thoroughly Prussianized. Although later somewhat 2 CONT reconciled to him, she semiretired to Kronberg in the Taunus Hills, where she 2 CONT built a palatial country seat, Schloss Fredrichshof. She died of cancer, 2 CONT outliving her mother by only six months. 1 FAMS @F237@ 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I71@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /VII/ 1 NAME Albert /Edward/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of United Kingdom 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 09 1841 2 PLAC Buckingham Palace, London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1910 1 NOTE Edward would become Edward VII, King of United Kingdom and Ireland, after 2 CONT being the Prince of Wales. He traveled much through his early years as Prince 2 CONT of Wales. As well, his horses won the Derby in 1896, 1900, &1909 & the Grand 2 CONT National in Liverpool in 1900. He and Queen Alexandra had 2 sons and 3 2 CONT Daughters. Prince Albert Victor would be the Duke of Clarence, and George, the 2 CONT Duke of York, would succeed his father as King George V. Edward VII ruled as 2 CONT King and as Emperor of India from 1901-1910. 1 FAMS @F33@ 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I72@ INDI 1 NAME Alexandra // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward VII 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1844 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1925 1 NOTE Queen Alexandra was the daughter of King Christian of Denmark. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 1871, P.T. Barnum launches the traveling 2 CONT circus. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone and the Souix 2 CONT Indians defeat General Custer at the Little Bighorn. In 1877, Thomas Edison 2 CONT invents the 1st workable electric light, and in 1879 invents the Phonograph. 2 CONT 1883, the 1st skyscraper is built in Chicago by William Lebaron (10 stories), 2 CONT and Cyrus H.K. Curtis publishes the 1st Lady's Home Journal magazine. 1 FAMS @F33@ 1 FAMC @F210@ 0 @I73@ INDI 1 NAME George /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 03 1865 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 20 1936 2 PLAC Sandringham House, Norfolk 1 NOTE George was the Duke of York before he succeeded his father in 1910. 2 CONT When his elder brother died in 1892, and after Victoria died, he became 2 CONT Prince of Wales before becoming King when he did succeed his father in1910. 2 CONT During WW I, the King denounced all German titles belonging to him and his 2 CONT family and changed the name of the Royal House to Windsor, from the House of 2 CONT Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. George V would be succeeded by his son, Edward VIII in 2 CONT 1936. 1 FAMS @F34@ 1 FAMC @F33@ 0 @I74@ INDI 1 NAME Prince Albert /Victor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Clarence 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1864 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1892 1 NOTE There were a total of 5 children in this union. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1886, the Coca-Cola Company is founded, 2 CONT and the Statue of Liberty is unveiled in New York City. In 1888, John H. Loud 2 CONT patented the 1st ballpoint pen, Kodak introduced the box camera by George 2 CONT Eastman, Jack the Ripper kills 7 women in London, and the 1st National 2 CONT Geographic Magazine is published. In 1890, the Souix Indians are massacred at 2 CONT the battle of Wounded Knee. 1 FAMC @F33@ 0 @I75@ INDI 1 NAME Princess Maude Charlotte Mary/Victoria/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1869 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1938 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1898, the U.S. Army used the 1st 2 CONT machine gun in the battle of Santiago (the Spanish-American War). 1 FAMS @F160@ 1 FAMC @F33@ 0 @I76@ INDI 1 NAME Mary // 1 NAME Princess Victoria Mary/Augusta/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1911-1936 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1867 2 PLAC Kingsington Palace, London 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1953 1 NOTE "Mary" was his brother's (who died in 1892) fiancee. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1903, Jack London publishes Call of the 2 CONT Wild, Orville Wright makes 1st flight of self-propelled airplane, and the 1st 2 CONT World Series of baseball is played. In 1908, William Durant founds General 2 CONT Motors, Robert Ballen-Powell founds the Boy Scouts, Charles Pathe produces 2 CONT the 1st motion picture newsreel, Ford Motors produces 1st Model-T automobiles 2 CONT and the NAACP is founded. 1 FAMS @F34@ 1 FAMC @F610@ 0 @I77@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /VIII/ 1 NAME Edward Albert, birth/name/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 23 1894 2 PLAC White Lodge, Richmond Park 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 28 1972 2 PLAC Paris 1 NOTE Edward VIII was proclaimed King in 1936 when his father died. He loved a Mrs. 2 CONT Wallis Warfield Simpson, a twice divorcee, but was forced to abdicate his 2 CONT crown in the name of love to marry Mrs. Simpson (1896-1986) in June of 1937. 2 CONT The date of the abdication was December 11, 1936, in favor of his brother, 2 CONT the Duke of York, and George VI became King, and Edward became the Duke of 2 CONT Windsor, living the life of a British citizen in the U.S. and France after WW 2 CONT II, and died in Paris, 1972. His wife, Wallis, died in 1986. 1 FAMS @F35@ 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I78@ INDI 1 NAME George /VI/ 1 NAME Albert Frederick George, was birth/name/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 14 1895 2 PLAC Sandringham House, Norfolk 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 06 1952 2 PLAC Sandringham House, Norfolk 1 NOTE Second in line for the crown, his Brother, Edward VIII, abdicated the same 2 CONT year their father died, so George VI was proclaimed King in late 1936 and 2 CONT served as King of Great Britain 'til 1952, and as Emperor of India from 1936 2 CONT to 1947 when the title was abolished. He was succeeded by his daughter, Queen 2 CONT Elizabeth II. 1 FAMS @F36@ 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I79@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria Alexandra Alice/Mary/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1897 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1965 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1945, atomic bombs were dropped on 2 CONT Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to the end of World War II in Asia with 2 CONT Japan. In 1947, the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of Hebrew documents, are 2 CONT discovered. In 1948, the transistor is invented in the by Bell Labortories in 2 CONT the U.S.. In 1949, the Communist Soviet Union detonated its 1st atomic bomb 2 CONT and establishes Communist East Germany, having already created the "Iron 2 CONT Curtain" in 1946. Communism is spreading throughout the world. 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I80@ INDI 1 NAME Henry William Frederick/Albert/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Gloucester 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1900 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1974 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I81@ INDI 1 NAME George Edward Alexander/Edmund/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Kent 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1902 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1942 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1914, World War I in Europe between 2 CONT France, Russia, Britain against Germany. Also, the Panama canal is opened 2 CONT linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1915, Albert Einstein formulates 2 CONT his Theory of Relativity. In 1916, Margaret Sanger is arrested for opening a 2 CONT birth-control clinic in Brooklyn, New York. In 1917, the U.S. enters the war 2 CONT in Europe, & the earliest jazz recording is made. In 1918, Air mail service 2 CONT starts and an influenza pandemic begins, killing 21-22 million in 2 years. 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I82@ INDI 1 NAME John Charles /Francis/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1905 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1919 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1918, the Mount Wilson observatory is 2 CONT installed with the world's largest telescope. In 1925, Clarence Birdseye 2 CONT begins his Quick-Frozen packages. In 1928, Mickey Mouse is introduced by Walt 2 CONT Disney. In 1929, a Wall Street crash leads to world-wide economic depression. 2 CONT In 1931, the Empire State Building in New York becomes the world's tallest 2 CONT building, and the Star-Spangled Banner becomes the U.S. National Anthem. 2 CONT In 1933, Franklin Rosevelt is inagurated as 32nd President of the U. S.. 1 FAMC @F34@ 0 @I83@ INDI 1 NAME Wallis Warfield /Simpson/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1896 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1986 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1939, Germany invades Poland, starting 2 CONT World War II in Europe. In 1941, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor starting war with 2 CONT the U.S. and the world in Asia. In 1942, Adolf Hitler, the German Furher, 2 CONT proposes the Final Solution to the Jewish Question and the Holocaust begins. 2 CONT In 1943, Robert Oppenheimer establishes the Los Alamos Laboratory to build 2 CONT the atomic bomb. In 1944, on D-Day, allied troops land at Normany, leading to 2 CONT the end of World War II in Europe in April, 1945. 1 FAMS @F35@ 0 @I84@ INDI 1 NAME Lady Elizabeth /Bowes-Lyon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort of GB 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1900 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In1936, Boulder Dam is completed as well 2 CONT as the Golden Gate Bridge, and Margaret Mitchel publishes her only book, 2 CONT Gone with the Wind, made into a motion picture in 1939. Also in 1939, Igor 2 CONT Sikorsky Develops the 1st successful helicopter, Paul Muller discovers DDT, 2 CONT later outlawed in the U.S. in 1972, and the HE 176, 1st jet airplane, takes 2 CONT to the air in Germany. In 1942, Bing Crosby records White Christmas, song by 2 CONT Irving Berlin. 1 FAMS @F36@ 0 @I85@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth II // 1 NAME Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, birth/name/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Great Britain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1926 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1950, Communist North Korea invades 2 CONT South Korea. In 1951, Lucille Ball begins her "I Love Lucy" series, U.S. 2 CONT homes have 10-million television sets, and Univac, the first commercial 2 CONT computer is accepted by the U.S. Census Bureau. In 1952, British de Havilland 2 CONT Comet becomes 1st jet airliner to enter service, and the 1st automatic 2 CONT pinsetter is installed in a bowling alley in Brooklyn, NY.. In mid-1953, 2 CONT Armistice ends the Korean War. 1 FAMS @F37@ 1 FAMC @F36@ 0 @I86@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Rose/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 21 1930 2 PLAC Glamis Castle, Scotland 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1953, the 1st heart-lung machine is 2 CONT developed by Dr. John Gibbon, and Hugh Hefner publishes the 1st Playboy 2 CONT Magazine, with Marilyn Monroe on the cover, moving on to star in her 1953 2 CONT movie, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. In 1954, a U.S. Supreme Court decision 2 CONT prohibits racial segregation in the Public Schools. 1 FAMS @F129@ 1 FAMC @F36@ 0 @I87@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Philip/ 1 NAME Philip /Mountbatton/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 10 1921 2 PLAC Kerkira, Greek Island 1 NOTE Duke of Edinburgh was married by Queen Elizabeth in 1947. He was the son of 2 CONT Prince Andrew of Greece, and the Great-Great grandson of Queen Victoria. 1 FAMS @F37@ 0 @I88@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Charles/ 1 NAME Charles Philip Arthur/George/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 14 1948 2 PLAC Buckingham Palace, London, England 1 NOTE Prince of Wales and heir to the throne his mother holds as Queen. 2 CONT He served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971-1977. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1961, the Berlin Wall is constructed, 2 CONT separating east and west Berlin, as the "cold war" continues between the U.S. 2 CONT and Communist U.S.S.R., starting just after WW II, into 1989. In 1962, the 2 CONT U.S. Supreme Court rules that school prayers are a violation of the 1st 2 CONT Amendment. In 1963, John Kennedy is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. 1 FAMS @F38@ 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I89@ INDI 1 NAME Anne // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1950 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his 2 CONT "I have a dream" speech in Washington, D.C. In 1964, the U.S.Civil Rights Act 2 CONT Prohibits discrimination in employment. In 1965, the U.S. Government 2 CONT establishes Medicare and Medicaid Health Care. In 1968, anti-Vietnam War 2 CONT demonstrators clash with police during the Democratic National Convention, 2 CONT and candidate Robert Kennedy is assassinated. In 1969, the U.S. lands the 1st 2 CONT men on the moon, and Sesame Street, children's TV program, is first aired. 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I90@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Andrew/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of York 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1960 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1973, the Paris Peace Accord ends the 2 CONT Vietnam War. In 1974, an army of life-size pottery figures is discovered in 2 CONT a Ch'in dynasty tomb. In 1974, Richard Nixon resigns as President of the U.S. 2 CONT and Gerald Ford succeeds him. In 1976, an earthquake in China kills 600,000, 2 CONT the U.S. celebrates its Bicentennial, and the U.S. Viking spacecraft lands on 2 CONT planet Mars. In 1977, George Lucas directs the 1st Star Wars movie, a man 2 CONT named Elvis dies, and the 1st Apple II computer is marketed in the U.S.. 1 FAMS @F962@ 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I91@ INDI 1 NAME Edward // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1964 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 1979, the 1st case of AIDS is reported. 2 CONT In 1981, Iran releases the U.S. hostages about the day Ronald Reagan is 2 CONT inagurated as President, and the 1st Space Shuttler is launched. In 1983, the 2 CONT 1st compact disc is introduced for recording music. In 1989, demonstrations 2 CONT in east Germany lead to the demolition of the Berlin Wall and the demise of 2 CONT a bankrupt Communist Soviet Union, and the end of the "cold War". In 1990, 2 CONT Iraq invades Kuwait, beginning the Persian Gulf War. 1 FAMC @F37@ 0 @I92@ INDI 1 NAME Lady Diana Frances/Spencer/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Wife of future King 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUL 01 1961 2 PLAC Sandringham, Norfolk, England/Park House 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 31 1997 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE Diana, the daughter of 8th Earl of Spencer married Prince Charles and bore him 2 CONT two sons. After she learned of Prince Charles' Affair with Camilla Parker 2 CONT Bowles, she attempted suicide on June 15, 1992. She became the most 2 CONT photographed person in the world and one of the most adored by her British 2 CONT subjects. The couple separated in 1992. On August 28, 1996, they Divorced. 2 CONT On August 31, 1997, Diana was killed in an auto accident in Paris, leaving a 2 CONT very stunned world, but a fortune valued at $65 million to her sons. 1 FAMS @F38@ 1 FAMC @F39@ 0 @I93@ INDI 1 NAME Prince William Arthur Philip/Louis/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 21 1982 1 FAMC @F38@ 0 @I94@ INDI 1 NAME Prince Henry Charles Albert/David/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 15 1984 1 FAMC @F38@ 0 @I95@ INDI 1 NAME Edward John /Spencer/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 8th Earl of Spencer 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F39@ 0 @I96@ INDI 1 NAME Frances Ruth Rurke/Roche/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F39@ 1 FAMC @F963@ 0 @I97@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 28 1491 2 PLAC London 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 28 1547 1 NOTE Between 1529 & 1536, the Angilican Church of England was recognized as a 2 CONT a national church independent of papal jurisdiction. Henry VIII, vexed at the 2 CONT refusal of Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, 2 CONT induced Parliament to inact a series of statutes denying the Pope any power 2 CONT or jurisdiction over the Church of England. Sadly, even with 6 wives and 3 2 CONT children who would become 1 King and 2 Queens, there were no further direct 2 CONT descendants leading back to Henry VIII. 1 FAMS @F40@ 1 FAMS @F41@ 1 FAMS @F42@ 1 FAMS @F43@ 1 FAMS @F44@ 1 FAMS @F45@ 1 FAMC @F46@ 0 @I98@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine of /Aragon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1485 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1536 1 NOTE Catherine was Henry's brother's widow, having been bethrothed to Henry 2 CONT through Papal dispensation secured in 1503. Henry claimed this was invalid. 2 CONT He divorced her for failing to produce a male heir. Her only surving child 2 CONT was Mary Tudor, who would later become Mary I, Queen of England. Mary would 2 CONT later be succeeded by her half sister, Elizabeth I, only child of Henry's 2 CONT and his 2nd wife, Anne Boleyn. The Archbishop of Canterbury declared 2 CONT Catherine's marriage void to allow Henry to marry his "love", Anne Boleyn. 1 FAMS @F40@ 1 FAMS @F47@ 1 FAMC @F294@ 0 @I99@ INDI 1 NAME Mary /I/ 1 NAME Mary /Tudor/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 18 1516 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 17 1558 1 NOTE Mary was succeeded later by Elizabeth, her half sister. Mary was the only 2 CONT surviving child of Henry and Catherine Aragon. There were three children of 2 CONT Henry VIII who became Queens/King in succession. All three had different 2 CONT mothers: Edward VI, son of Jane Seymore, Mary I, Daughter of Catherine of 2 CONT Aragon, and finally, Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. Mary I was known as 2 CONT Bloody Mary because of the large number of religious persecutions during her 2 CONT reign. Almost 300 were condemned to death in trials of heresy. 1 FAMS @F376@ 1 FAMC @F40@ 0 @I100@ INDI 1 NAME Anne /Boleyn/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1536 1 NOTE Anne was a beautiful young lady-in-waiting for Queen Catherine of Aragon. She 2 CONT had one child, Elizabeth, who would become Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 2 CONT succeeding her half sister, Mary I, aka, Mary Tudor. In 1536, Henry claimed 2 CONT Anne guilty of incest and adultery, for which Anne was executed. For the 2 CONT divorce, Henry was excommunicated from the church, but set the way for the 2 CONT Church of England. 1 FAMS @F41@ 1 FAMC @F51@ 0 @I101@ INDI 1 NAME Jane /Seymore/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Henry married Jane a few days after Anne Boleyn was beheaded, but Jane died 2 CONT after bearing Henry's only "legitimate" son, Edward, who would become Edward 2 CONT VI, King. 2 CONT Historical fact of the time: In 1498, the toothbrush was invented by a 2 CONT Chinese dentist. 1 FAMS @F42@ 0 @I102@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 12 1537 2 PLAC Hampton Court 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 06 1553 2 PLAC Greenwich 1 NOTE Edward was Henry's only "legitimate" son. He ruled from 1547-1553 and was the 2 CONT last in the male line of the house of Tudor. Edward became seriously ill with 2 CONT tuberculosis in 1553, dying at Greenwich mid-year. 1 FAMC @F42@ 0 @I103@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Cleves/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Henry married her to form a tie between England and the Protestant Princes of 2 CONT Germany, but Anne was "unattractive", and the political need was no longer to 2 CONT his advantage. He then divorced her the same year and married #5, Catherine 2 CONT Howard. 1 FAMS @F43@ 0 @I104@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /Howard/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1542 1 NOTE Catherine was executed in 1542 for "having been unchaste prior to marriage 2 CONT and for having committed adultery". 1 FAMS @F44@ 0 @I105@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /Parr/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Catherine Parr was the only wife to survive Henry when he died in 1547. 1 FAMS @F45@ 0 @I106@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 28 1457 2 PLAC Pembroke Castle, Pembokeshire 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 21 1509 2 PLAC Richmond, Surrey 1 NOTE First King of the House of Tudor. Killed King Richard III on the field of 2 CONT battle, August 22, 1485, at Bosworth. When he married Elizabeth, daughter of 2 CONT Edward IV, the marriage unified the two houses of York and Lancaster. He was 2 CONT succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. 1 FAMS @F46@ 1 FAMC @F79@ 0 @I107@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth of /York/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VII 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1465 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1503 1 NOTE She was the youngest daughter of Edward IV, uniting the house of York and the 2 CONT house of Lancaster, ending the Wars of the Roses. 1 FAMS @F46@ 1 FAMC @F53@ 0 @I108@ INDI 1 NAME Arthur // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F47@ 1 FAMC @F46@ 0 @I110@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess of Richmond 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 31 1443 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 29 1509 1 NOTE Direct descendant of John Gaunt, who is the blood link from the past royal 2 CONT members of the crown. Margaret is also Countess of Derby. 1 FAMS @F79@ 1 FAMC @F75@ 0 @I111@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of England/Ireland 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 1533 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1603 1 NOTE She was called, "Good Queen Bess." Francis Bacon quoted her as saying, "Anger 2 CONT makes dull men witty, but keeps them poor." She wanted to be remembered as 2 CONT the virgin Queen, for she never married nor bore children. See James VI/I. 2 CONT She succeeded her half sister, Mary I and was succeeded by James I who was the 2 CONT King of Scotland, therefore, creating a "union of the crowns" of all of Great 2 CONT Britain. Ruled as Queen from 1558-1603. 1 FAMC @F41@ 0 @I115@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Thomas /Boleyn/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Wiltshire/Ormmode 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1477 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1539 1 FAMS @F51@ 0 @I116@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir Thomas/Boleyn/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F51@ 0 @I118@ INDI 1 NAME Edward IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 28 1442 2 PLAC Rouen, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 08 1483 2 PLAC Westminster 1 NOTE Edward IV established the house of York on the English throne. He was the son 2 CONT of the 3d Duke of York, Richard Plantagenet, 1411-1460. He was succeeded by 2 CONT his son, Edward V. He was King from 1461-1470, and 1471-1483. 1 FAMS @F53@ 1 FAMC @F64@ 0 @I119@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /Woodville/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward IV 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1437 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 7/8 1492 2 PLAC London 1 NOTE Elizabeth was a commoner, a woman of great beauty, but already a widow with 2 CONT two sons when she married Edward. As a daughter of the Lancastrians, the 2 CONT traditional enemies of the Yorkists, and because she was not of royal rank, 2 CONT the mariage was repugnant to the ruling nobility of the house of York. Why 2 CONT Elizabeth, who had taken sanctuary, surrendered her young son and and 2 CONT daughters to Richard III is not clear. Soon, both young sons disappeared from 2 CONT Richard's custody, presumably murdered. 1 FAMS @F53@ 0 @I120@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1421 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 21 1471 2 PLAC Tower of London 1 NOTE Henry & wife escaped to Scotland during the Wars of the Roses 'til 1464, 2 CONT rebelled against one proclaiming himself King Edward IV, but was captured 2 CONT and imprisoned in the Tower of London by Edward. He had suffered from attacks 2 CONT of insanity but regained the crown in 1471, totally incapacitated by then. 2 CONT The next year, Edward IV dethroned him and returned him to the Tower of 2 CONT London where he died, likely murdered on orders from Edward IV. 2 CONT King 1422-'61 & 1470-'71, the last King from the house of Lancaster. 1 FAMS @F54@ 1 FAMC @F63@ 0 @I121@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Anjou/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry VI 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1430 2 PLAC France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1482 1 NOTE Married to Henry VI to confirm truce with France in the Hundred Years' 2 CONT War which began in 1337. In 1455, an armed struggle for power began, the War 2 CONT of the Roses, between the houses of York and Lancaster. During the next 16 2 CONT years Margaret used the financial and military assets of the Lancasters to 2 CONT ensure succession of her son to the throne. By 1461, she was forced to go to 2 CONT France to seek financial aid, but her son was killed in 1471 and she was 2 CONT imprisoned by Louis XI and ransomed for surrender of French territories. 1 FAMS @F54@ 1 FAMC @F132@ 0 @I122@ INDI 1 NAME Edward III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 13 1312 2 PLAC Windsor 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 21 1377 2 PLAC Sheen (now Richmond) 1 NOTE Edward III initiated the long struggle with France called the Hundred Years' 2 CONT War. His 4th son was called John of Gaunt, who would become Henry IV. His 2 CONT brother-in-law was David II of Scotland. Edward went senile in his later 2 CONT years and England became dominated by his mistress named Alice Perres 2 CONT (1366-1400) and John of Gaunt. He was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. 2 CONT Historical fact during this time: 1322, the name of Robin Hood is first 2 CONT mentioned. 1 FAMS @F56@ 1 FAMC @F55@ 0 @I123@ INDI 1 NAME Edward II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 25 1284 2 PLAC Caernaroon, Wales 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 21 1327 2 PLAC Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 1 NOTE Edward, from the house of Plantagenet, was the 4th and surviving son. 2 CONT Proclaimed the Prince of Wales(a first) in 1301. An idle & frivolous man who 2 CONT had no liking for military campaigning nor for affairs of state. His 2 CONT incompetence and distaste for government led him to his disposition and 2 CONT murder at the hands of his captives. He was forced to resign in 1327 by 2 CONT Parliament, with his son, Edward III proclaimed as King. 1 FAMS @F55@ 1 FAMC @F82@ 0 @I124@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /France/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward II 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1292 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1358 1 FAMS @F55@ 1 FAMC @F517@ 0 @I125@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Edward/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F56@ 0 @I126@ INDI 1 NAME Henry IV // 1 NAME Henry of Bolingbroke\Henry of/Lancaster/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 1367 2 PLAC Bolingbroke Castle 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1413 1 NOTE He was the son of John of Gaunt, the 4th son of Edward III and Isabella of 2 CONT France. Also, he was the first King of the house of Lancaster and was 2 CONT succeeded by his son, Henry V. 1 FAMS @F61@ 1 FAMC @F60@ 0 @I127@ INDI 1 NAME Richard II // 1 NAME Richard of /Bordeaux/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 06 1367 2 PLAC Bordeaux, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 1400 2 PLAC Pontefract Castle 1 BURI 2 DATE BY HENRY V 2 PLAC Westminster Abbey, London, England 1 NOTE His reign was marked by national disunity and strife, the younger son of 2 CONT Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince), and Joan, called the Fair Maid of 2 CONT Kent (1328-1385). He succeeded his grandfather, Edward III in 1377. Richard 2 CONT abdicated on September 30, 1399 and was confined to Pontefract Castle where 2 CONT he either died of starvation or was murdered in February of 1400. John of 2 CONT Gaunt, aka Henry IV, would become his successor (4th son of Edward III). 1 FAMS @F57@ 1 FAMS @F58@ 1 FAMC @F59@ 0 @I128@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Bohemia/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1366 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1394 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. Richard II was 15 2 CONT years old when they married in 1382. 1 FAMS @F57@ 1 FAMC @F208@ 0 @I129@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1389 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1409 1 NOTE She was a French Princess. 1 FAMS @F58@ 0 @I130@ INDI 1 NAME Edward, Prince of/Wales/ 1 NAME the Black Prince, Edward of/Woodstock/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 15 1330 2 PLAC Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 08 1376 2 PLAC Westminster, near London 1 BURI 2 PLAC Canterbury 1 NOTE Known as the Black Prince, he was also the Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester 2 CONT and heir apparent to the throne of England. One of the outstanding commanders 2 CONT during the Hundred Years' War with France, winning his major victory at the 2 CONT Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He enjoyed jousting, falconry, hunting and 2 CONT gaming. His rule as Prince of Aquitaine was a failure, however great a leader 2 CONT of armies he was. As well, he was a man constantly living beyond his means. 2 CONT His sobriquet, the "Black Prince", has no contemporary justification. 1 FAMS @F59@ 1 FAMC @F56@ 0 @I131@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort to Edward 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1328 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1385 1 NOTE She was known as the Fair Maid of Kent. When she married Edward, she was 2 CONT divorced and widowed, as the Countess of Kent. She and Edward were cousins 1 FAMS @F59@ 0 @I132@ INDI 1 NAME John of /Gaunt/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Lancaster 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 1340 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 03 1399 1 NOTE The union of John of Gaunt and Catherine called the family of Beaufort. John 2 CONT was the son of King Edward III, so the blood line continued through his 2 CONT ancestors to King Henry VII, the blood line having stopped with Henry VI. He 2 CONT was also the father of King Henry IV. 1 FAMS @F60@ 1 FAMS @F710@ 1 FAMS @F65@ 1 FAMS @F66@ 1 FAMC @F56@ 0 @I133@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche of /Lancaster/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F60@ 0 @I134@ INDI 1 NAME Mary /Bohun/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry IV 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F61@ 0 @I135@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG/SEP/ 1387 2 PLAC Monmouth 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 31 1422 2 PLAC Vincennes, France 1 NOTE Second successive king from the house of Lancaster. 1 FAMS @F63@ 1 FAMC @F61@ 0 @I136@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas, Duke of/Clarence/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Clarence 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1389 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1421 1 FAMC @F61@ 0 @I137@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine of /Valois/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry V 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1401 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1437 1 NOTE Daughter of Charles VI, King of France. Historical fact during her lifetime: 2 CONT In 1431, Joan Of Arc was burned at the stake as a witch by the English at 2 CONT Rouen, France. The building of the Bastille in Paris was begun earlier, in 2 CONT 1370. After her father's death in 1422, under a treaty of Troyes with the 2 CONT English, the country north of the Loire was under control of England, while 2 CONT southern France, excluding English Aquitaine, was loyal to the dauphin as 2 CONT King Charles VII of France. 1 FAMS @F63@ 1 FAMS @F78@ 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I138@ INDI 1 NAME Richard III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 02 1452 2 PLAC Fotheringhay Castle 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1485 1 NOTE Slain on the battlefield against Henry, Earl of Richmond, who would become 2 CONT Henry VII, who would marry Elizabeth of York, uniting the houses of York and 2 CONT Lancaster, ending the Wars of the Roses. Richard III was the youngest son of 2 CONT Richard Plantagenet, 3d Duke of York (1411-1460). 1 FAMC @F64@ 0 @I139@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /Plantagenet/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 3rdDuke of York 1411-1460 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1411 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1460 1 FAMS @F64@ 0 @I140@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Pichard/Plantagenet/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F64@ 0 @I141@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1483 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1470 2 PLAC Westminster 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1483 2 PLAC Tower of London 1 NOTE Uncrowned King of England, the 2nd of the house of York, the eldest of Edward 2 CONT IV, became Prince of Wales in 1471. Upon the death of his father, Edward IV, 2 CONT in 1483, he succeeded him as King, but was confined in the Tower of London 2 CONT shorly after his father died in April. It's presumed he was assassinated, 2 CONT along with his brother Richard, Duke of York, by the forces of Richard III, 2 CONT a paternal uncle, or later by those from the house of Tudor(??). 1 FAMC @F53@ 0 @I142@ INDI 1 NAME Richard // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of York 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1472 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1483 2 PLAC Assassinated?? 1 NOTE See Edward V. 1 FAMC @F53@ 0 @I143@ INDI 1 NAME Constance // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Heiress of Peter I of Castile. 1 FAMS @F65@ 1 FAMC @F311@ 0 @I144@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /Swynford/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE While she was still married to Sir Hugh Swynford, she had 5 children by John 2 CONT of Gaunt, who married her in 1396 after they were all born. In 1397, the 2 CONT Beaufords were declared legitimate by King Richard II, and in 1407 this 2 CONT action was confirmed by their half brother, King Henry IV. 1 FAMS @F66@ 1 FAMS @F69@ 0 @I148@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Hugh /Swynford/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F69@ 0 @I149@ INDI 1 NAME John /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Somerset 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1373 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1410 1 NOTE Made Earl of Somerset and marquess of Dorset. 1 FAMS @F71@ 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I150@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Bishop of Winchester 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Bishop of Winchester and cardinal. 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I151@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Exeter/chancellor 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1426 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I152@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F70@ 1 FAMC @F66@ 0 @I153@ INDI 1 NAME Ralph /Neville/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Westmoreland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1440 1 NOTE He was the first Earl of Westmoreland. 1 FAMS @F70@ 0 @I154@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, who died in 1410 leaving 5 2 CONT children. 1 FAMS @F71@ 1 FAMC @F72@ 0 @I155@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Holland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Kent 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F72@ 0 @I156@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Thomas/Holland/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F72@ 0 @I157@ INDI 1 NAME John /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Somerset 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1403 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1444 1 NOTE Likely took his own life in 1444. 1 FAMS @F75@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I158@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1455 2 PLAC St. Albans 1 FAMS @F76@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I159@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1436 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I160@ INDI 1 NAME Joan /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort James I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Wife (Queen) of James I of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F74@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I161@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F73@ 1 FAMC @F71@ 0 @I162@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Courtenay/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Devon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F73@ 0 @I163@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of Sir John Beauchamp 1 FAMS @F75@ 0 @I164@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor /Beauchamp/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of the 5th Earl of Warwick. 1 FAMS @F76@ 0 @I165@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I166@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I167@ INDI 1 NAME John /Beaufort/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I168@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Married Humphrey, Earl of Stafford. 1 FAMS @F77@ 1 FAMC @F76@ 0 @I169@ INDI 1 NAME Humphrey // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Stafford 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F77@ 0 @I170@ INDI 1 NAME Squire Owen /Tudor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Welsh Squire 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1456 1 FAMS @F78@ 0 @I171@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Tudor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Richmond 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1430 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1456 1 NOTE There were 4 children with this union, Edmund was one of them, the future 2 CONT father of Henry VII, the first Tudor King. 1 FAMS @F79@ 1 FAMC @F78@ 0 @I176@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /I/ 1 NAME Edward /Longshanks/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 17 1239 2 PLAC Westminster, Middlesex, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 07 1307 2 PLAC Burgh by Sands, Carlisle, Cumberland 1 NOTE From the house of Plantagenet, Edward expelled the Jews from England in 1290, 2 CONT but the conquest of Scotland, however, became the ruling passion of his 2 CONT life. In 1305, he captured Sir William Wallace and executed him, leading to 2 CONT a Scottish revolt and the coronation of Robert de Bruce as King of Scotland. 2 CONT While on his way to subdue the Scots for the third time during his reign, 2 CONT Edward I died en route near Carlisle in 1307. 1 FAMS @F82@ 1 FAMS @F83@ 1 FAMC @F84@ 0 @I177@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor of /Castile/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F82@ 0 @I178@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1318 1 NOTE Daughter of King Philip III of Spain, she was never crowned Queen. 1 FAMS @F83@ 1 FAMC @F133@ 0 @I179@ INDI 1 NAME Henry III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1207 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1272 1 NOTE From the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet, Henry succeeded his father in death 2 CONT at the age of nine. In his minority, regents William Marshall, Earl of 2 CONT Pembroke, and Hubert de Burgh governed 'til 1227, when Henry began ruling. 1 FAMS @F84@ 1 FAMC @F85@ 0 @I180@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor of /Provence/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry III 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F84@ 0 @I181@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 NAME John /Lackland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 24 1167 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 19 1216 2 PLAC Newark, in Nottinghamshire 1 NOTE Best known for signing the Magna Carta, at the insistence of the English 2 CONT Barons; the youngest son of Henry II, along with Richard I, the Lion Hearted. 2 CONT John was from the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. 1 FAMS @F85@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I182@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Angouleme/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/King John 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1246 1 NOTE She was imprisoned by John of Gloucester 1214-1216, returned to France in 2 CONT 1217 and married Hugh, Count of La Marcha in 1220. 1 FAMS @F85@ 1 FAMS @F612@ 1 FAMC @F611@ 0 @I183@ INDI 1 NAME Henry II // 1 NAME Henry of Anjou, Henry/Plantagenet/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1154-1189 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 05 1133 2 PLAC Le Mans, Maine, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 06 1189 2 PLAC Chinon, France, near Tours 1 NOTE Duke of Normandy, 1150. He began the Norman Conquest of Ireland in 1171-1172 2 CONT and forced William the Lion, King of the Scots, to recognize him as overlord. 2 CONT He was succeeded by his son, Richard I, the Lion-Heart. Henry II was the 2 CONT first of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. 1 FAMS @F87@ 1 FAMC @F89@ 0 @I184@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor of /Aquitaine/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry II 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1122 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 01 1204 2 PLAC Fontevrault, Aujou, France 1 NOTE The beautiful and talented Eleanor, recently divorced from King Louis VII of 2 CONT France, brought with her hand in marriage the lordship of Aquitaine for Henry 2 CONT II, and, after the death of her cousin King Stephen of Blois, Henry II 2 CONT succeeded without opposition, thus becoming lord of territories stretching 2 CONT from Scotland to the Pyrenees. But the young king lacked visible majesty and 2 CONT was always restless, impetuous and always on the move, regardless of the 2 CONT convenience of others, as well as being heartless & ruthless when necessary. 1 FAMS @F87@ 1 FAMS @F543@ 1 FAMC @F544@ 0 @I185@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /I/ 1 NAME The /Lion-Heart/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 08 1157 2 PLAC Oxford 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 06 1199 2 PLAC Chalus, Aquitaine 1 NOTE Richard was sometimes cruel, such as when he executed 2700 prisoners of war, 2 CONT and sometimes magnanimous, but always courageous. As a King, he left the 2 CONT affairs of the state to able administrators while he went out to do battle in 2 CONT the Third Crusades, and the middle east, etc. Heavy taxation was levied to 2 CONT support his warefare antics, but it was an arrow in an insignificiant 2 CONT skirmish in 1199 which took his life. Brother John succeeded him. 1 FAMS @F91@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I186@ INDI 1 NAME Stephen of /Blois/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1097 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 25 1154 2 PLAC Dover, Kent, England 1 NOTE The grandson of King William the Conqueror, and nephew of Henry I, he claimed 2 CONT the crown. 4-6 months in 1141, he was Matilda's Prisoner, and she ruled as 2 CONT Queen. But in 1148, she left England and gave up in favor of her son, Henry 2 CONT of Anjou, later Henry II.Then, Henry II waged war against Stephen and forced 2 CONT him to name him, Henry II, his heir to the throne. This Matilda was daughter 2 CONT of Henry I, mother to Henry II. 1 FAMS @F670@ 1 FAMC @F591@ 0 @I187@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1100-1135 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1068 2 PLAC Selby, Yorkshire, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 01 1135 2 PLAC Lyons-la-Foret, Normandy 1 NOTE He was the 4th son of William the Conqueror. 1 FAMS @F88@ 1 FAMS @F672@ 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I188@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Henry I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F88@ 1 FAMC @F180@ 0 @I189@ INDI 1 NAME William the /Aetheling/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1103 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 25 1120 2 PLAC at sea off Barfleur, France 1 NOTE The "White Ship" carrying William to England floundered as it left port, with 2 CONT all lives lost save one, including William and a large number of the royal 2 CONT household. Since William was the only son of Henry I, it left Henry without 2 CONT heir (male offspring), resulting in a period of anarchy after Henry's death. 2 CONT Note: in the early days, a female head of state was "unacceptable". 1 FAMC @F88@ 0 @I190@ INDI 1 NAME Robert // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1134 1 FAMC @F88@ 0 @I191@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1102 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1167 1 NOTE As the only daughter of Henry I, she would become the mother of Henry II. In 2 CONT her civil war with King Stephen of England, she had been elected "Lady of the 2 CONT English" by the clerical council at Winchester in April of 1141. As she 2 CONT entered London that June, her arragance and tactless demands for money 2 CONT provoked the citizens to chase her away to Oxford in September before she 2 CONT she could be crowned Queen (all taking place after Stephen was captured 2 CONT earlier that year in February of 1141). 1 FAMS @F90@ 1 FAMS @F89@ 1 FAMC @F88@ 0 @I192@ INDI 1 NAME Geoffrey Plantagenet of/Anjou/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Anjou 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1152 1 FAMS @F89@ 0 @I193@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German King 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 11 1086 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 23 1125 2 PLAC Utrecht, Friesland 1 REFN See #1772,#1718 1 NOTE Last of the Salian dynasty, he restored virtual peace in the empire and was 2 CONT generally successful in wars with Flanders, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. As 2 CONT son of Henry IV, he continued his father's Investiture Controversy with the 2 CONT papacy, dying childless. As a ruler, Henry showed political skill, but his 2 CONT reach exceeded his grasp. He had dethroned his father by allying with the 2 CONT princes and presenting himself as a champion of the church's rights. Once in 2 CONT power, he was unable to force the church to grant him his demands. See #1718. 1 FAMS @F90@ 1 FAMC @F830@ 0 @I194@ INDI 1 NAME Berengaria of /Navarre/ 1 NAME Berenguela of /Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Richard I. 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1165 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1230 2 PLAC Le Mans, France 1 FAMS @F91@ 1 FAMC @F359@ 0 @I195@ INDI 1 NAME William /I/ 1 NAME William the Conqueror, or/the/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England/1066-1087 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1027 2 PLAC Falaise, France 2 SOUR William was tall and corpulent, of a dignified presence and extremely powerful 3 CONT physique, with a bald forehead, close-cropped hair and short moustaches. 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 07 1087 2 PLAC Rouen, France 1 BURI 2 PLAC Caen, in Saint Stephens 2 SOUR The bones of William I were scattered by the Huguenots in 1562, but a plain 3 CONT slab still marks the place of his tomb, before the high altar. 1 NOTE This 1st Norman King had to invade England to claim his crown in 1066 at the 2 CONT Battle of Hastings, then on into London where he was crowned King on 2 CONT Christmas Day, 1066, in Westminster Abbey. Harold, Earl of Wessex, was slain 2 CONT at the battle. By 1070, the Norman Conquest was concluded. In 1087, during a 2 CONT campaign against Philip of France, William was fatally injured when his horse 2 CONT fell on him. William I is generally considerated as one of the outstanding 2 CONT figures in western European history. 1 FAMS @F92@ 1 FAMC @F93@ 0 @I196@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda of /Flanders/ 1 NAME Mahaut or Mathilda, or/Matilda/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/William I 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1031 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1083 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Baldwin V(1012-1067), count of Flanders and a 2 CONT descendant of Alfred the Great. Little is told throughout the pages of 2 CONT history about the wives and mothers of people of renown. But had it not been 2 CONT for the printed history of Matilda of Flanders, a direct link, all the way 2 CONT back to Alfred the Great and beyond, would be missing from this family tree. 1 FAMS @F92@ 1 FAMC @F102@ 0 @I197@ INDI 1 NAME William II // 1 NAME Called /Rufus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1056 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 02 1100 2 PLAC New Forest in Hampshire 1 BURI 2 PLAC Westminster 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of William I. He never married nor bore children. His 2 CONT younger brother, Henry I, succeeded him to the throne. While on a hunting 2 CONT trip in New Forest in Hampshire, an arrow struck him. It was never certain 2 CONT if the killing was an accident or a murder(?). He was very "unattractive"; 2 CONT bull-necked with sloping shoulders, extremely corpulent (fat) and awkward 2 CONT in his gait. His features were strongly marked and his grey eyes deeply set. 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I198@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /I/ 1 NAME Called Robert the/Devil/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/1027-35 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1035 2 PLAC Nicaea 1 NOTE Having no legitimate son, Robert resolved on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but 2 CONT died on the return in Nicaea, 1035. The 12-year period after his death was a 2 CONT period of the wildest anarchy. Three of William's Guardians were murdered and 2 CONT relatives kept William in strict concealment, fearing he might experience the 2 CONT same fate. Robert was an unscrupulous and cruel ruler, but energetic and bold. 2 CONT Historical fact during this time: In 1025, Guido de 'Arezzo invents the use 2 CONT of the staff in music. 1 FAMS @F93@ 1 FAMS @F140@ 1 FAMC @F141@ 0 @I199@ INDI 1 NAME Arletta // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Tanner's daughter 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1040 1 NOTE In 1030, Robert, the Duke of Normandy, supported the King of France, Henry I, 2 CONT against his brother Robert who was laying claim to the throne of France. In 2 CONT reward, the Duke received the French Vexin. Arletta, a commoner, was the 2 CONT daughter of a tanner of Falaise, France. When the duke died on his pilgrimage 2 CONT to Jerusalem, he left as his heir, an illegitimate son, William, born of his 2 CONT union with Arletta, and left under the protection of the king. 1 FAMS @F93@ 0 @I200@ INDI 1 NAME Joan /Plantagenet/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1165 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1199 1 FAMS @F658@ 1 FAMS @F659@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I201@ INDI 1 NAME Robert II // 1 NAME Courteheuse, or /Courthouse/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/1087-34 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1054 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1134 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I202@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /I/ 1 NAME Robert Bruce, Robert de Bruce/VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1274 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1329 2 PLAC Cardross Castle/shores of Firth of Clyde 1 NOTE Engaged in ongoing wars with England. In his later years he was stricken with 2 CONT leprosy and lived in seclusion at Cardross Castle where he died in 1329, 2 CONT succeeded by his son, David II, then by his nephew, Robert II. 1 FAMS @F95@ 1 FAMC @F169@ 0 @I203@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Robert I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F95@ 1 FAMC @F608@ 0 @I204@ INDI 1 NAME Marjorie // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1316 1 FAMS @F96@ 1 FAMC @F95@ 0 @I205@ INDI 1 NAME Walter // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU stewart of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1326 1 FAMS @F96@ 0 @I206@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alexander 3 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1240 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1275 1 NOTE This daughter of Henry III went on to marry Alexander III, King of Scotland. 2 CONT Confined in Edinburgh Castle by guardians of kings and queens until she was 2 CONT released through intervention by her father, Henry III. 1 FAMS @F97@ 1 FAMC @F84@ 0 @I207@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1241 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1286 1 NOTE He was succeeded by his Granddaughter, Margaret, the Maid of Norway. Both 2 CONT sons and daughter had died before him, and infant Margaret was the only 2 CONT living heir, his daughter's daughter. 1 FAMS @F97@ 1 FAMC @F100@ 0 @I208@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1198 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1249 1 NOTE In 1212, he recognized Henry III as overlord. By the Peace of York, 1237, 2 CONT Alexander and Henry III established permanent boundries between England and 2 CONT Scotland. On an expedition to Wrest Hebrides from Norway, he died of fever. 1 FAMS @F98@ 1 FAMS @F100@ 1 FAMC @F101@ 0 @I209@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alexander 2 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1238 1 NOTE She was Henry III's eldest sister. 1 FAMS @F98@ 1 FAMC @F85@ 0 @I210@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Scotland/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Eric II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1283 1 NOTE Married a Norwegian King, King Eric II. Their daughter, Margaret, the Maid of 2 CONT Norway, was the only living descendant of Alexander III, both sons and 2 CONT daughter having predeceased him, so the infant Margaret was appointed as heir 2 CONT to the throne and succeeded her grandfather to the throne of Scotland when he 2 CONT died in 1286. 1 FAMS @F99@ 1 FAMC @F97@ 0 @I211@ INDI 1 NAME Eric II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Norway/1280-1299 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1299 1 FAMS @F99@ 0 @I212@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret, the Maid of/Norway/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1282 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1290 1 NOTE As an infant, she inherited the throne of Scotland, succeeding her 2 CONT grandfather, Alexander III. He died with only little Margaret, the daughter 2 CONT of his daughter, the only living heir to the throne of Scotland, but she died 2 CONT in 1290 at the age of 8 years old. After the last of this family died, came 2 CONT John Baliol as king in 1292-1296, then there was an Interregnum of 10 years, 2 CONT a time where there wasn't a government of Scotland royalty. Then enters 2 CONT Robert Bruce in 1306 to set the stage for the rest of Scottish monarchies. 1 FAMC @F99@ 0 @I213@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of /Coucy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alexander 2 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F100@ 0 @I214@ INDI 1 NAME William the /Lion/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1143 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1214 1 NOTE Captured by the English, he was able to obtain his freedom only by assenting 2 CONT to the Treaty of Falaise, which acknowledged Henry II as overlord of 2 CONT Scotland. Henry's son, Richard, later annuled the Treaty, surrendering all 2 CONT claim to Scotland. Alexander II succeeded his father to the crown. When 2 CONT William was captured near Alnwick Castle that July 1174 when he joined forces 2 CONT with English rebells against Henry II, the resultant was a temporary loss of 2 CONT Scottish independence. 1 FAMS @F101@ 1 FAMC @F183@ 0 @I215@ INDI 1 NAME wife of William the/Lion/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/William 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F101@ 0 @I216@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders/1030-67 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1012 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1067 1 NOTE Direct Descendent of Alfred the Great. Appointed regent for minority of 2 CONT Philip of France. 1 FAMS @F102@ 1 FAMC @F108@ 0 @I217@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Baldwin/V/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F102@ 0 @I218@ INDI 1 NAME Robert the /Frisian/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Regent of the country of Holland during the minority of Dirk V, whose mother 2 CONT he had married. 1 FAMC @F102@ 0 @I219@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin of /Mons/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was in possession of Hainaut in right of his wife Richilde, heiress of 2 CONT Regnier V d. 1036. 1 FAMC @F102@ 0 @I220@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE First ruler of Flanders, an old English section. He was appointed count of 2 CONT Flanders by his father-in-law, King Charles the Bald of France when he 2 CONT married Charles' daughter/or sister?, Judith. 1 FAMS @F103@ 0 @I221@ INDI 1 NAME Judith // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sister of Charles II (the Bald), Holy Roman Emperor. 1 FAMS @F103@ 1 FAMC @F135@ 0 @I222@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 918 1 FAMS @F104@ 1 FAMC @F103@ 0 @I223@ INDI 1 NAME Aelfthryth // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Alfred the Great. 1 FAMS @F104@ 1 FAMC @F109@ 0 @I224@ INDI 1 NAME Arnulf the/Elder/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He survived only a short time, so his brother, Adululf, succeeded father 2 CONT Baldwin II to count of Flanders. 1 FAMC @F104@ 0 @I225@ INDI 1 NAME Adululf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE His reign was filled with warfare against the Northmen. 1 FAMS @F105@ 1 FAMC @F104@ 0 @I226@ INDI 1 NAME Adela // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the count of Vermandois. 1 FAMS @F105@ 0 @I227@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Baldwin 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 961 1 FAMS @F106@ 1 FAMC @F105@ 0 @I228@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Baldwin/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F106@ 0 @I229@ INDI 1 NAME Arnulf II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 989 1 FAMS @F107@ 1 FAMC @F106@ 0 @I230@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Arnulf/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F107@ 0 @I231@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F108@ 1 FAMC @F107@ 0 @I232@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Baldwin/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F108@ 0 @I233@ INDI 1 NAME Alfred // 1 NAME Called the /Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE 849 2 PLAC Wantage, in southen England 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 26 899 1 NOTE His victory at the battle of Edington in Wiltshire against the invading Danes 2 CONT changed the course of history, for had he lost there, Wessex would have 2 CONT become another Scandinavian colony. The West saxon dynasty, therefore, 2 CONT survived. Then, Alfred could truly be described as "king over all English 2 CONT people (except for those areas of existing Danish Areas in Great Britain)". 2 CONT For the next 20 years the conquest of Scandinavian England took place and the 2 CONT King of Wessex became the "protector" to all other areas for English peoples. 1 FAMS @F109@ 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I234@ INDI 1 NAME Ealhswith // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Alfred 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 900, the windmill arrives in Muslin 2 CONT Spain from Persia. In 870, the Vikings found settlements in Iceland. In 860, 2 CONT the cyrillic alphabet is developed in eastern Europe. In 840, the Vikings 2 CONT found the City of Dublin in Ireland. 1 FAMS @F109@ 1 FAMC @F138@ 0 @I235@ INDI 1 NAME Adela // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1062 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1137 1 NOTE As the daughter of William I, Stephen of Blois, her husband, claimed the 2 CONT crown of England 1135-1154. She was one of 5 or 6 daughters of William and 2 CONT Matilda of Flanders. Acting as regent for her husband, she took an active 2 CONT interest in civil & ecclesiastical affairs and was instrumental in rebuilding 2 CONT the Cathedral Chartres in stone. 1 FAMS @F591@ 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I236@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelwulf // 1 NAME Ethelwulf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE 790 1 DEAT 2 DATE 858 1 NOTE Succeeded his father Egbert as King in 839. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 814, the Arabs adopt Indian numerals 2 CONT (1-9). In 812, the Chinese Government issues paper bank drafts as money. 1 FAMS @F137@ 1 FAMS @F112@ 1 FAMC @F113@ 0 @I237@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Aethelwulf/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Aethelwulf 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Charles II the Bald of West Franks. 1 FAMS @F112@ 1 FAMC @F134@ 0 @I238@ INDI 1 NAME Egbert // 1 NAME Ecgberht // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 775 1 DEAT 2 DATE 839 1 REFN See #327 1 NOTE In a time when each section had its own king, he alone could claim direct 2 CONT descent from the kings of migration time. He was heir of the last of the 2 CONT archaic dynasties who was able to make the king of Wessex supreme over all 2 CONT the other English peoples, and overlord to all the other kings of the area. 2 CONT His youngest grandson would make history as Alfred the Great. He was King of 2 CONT Wessex from 802-839, and declared Bretwalda, "ruler of the British", in 830 2 CONT after exiling to the court of Charlemagne in the late 8th century. 1 FAMS @F113@ 0 @I239@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Egbert/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort of Alfred 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F113@ 0 @I240@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelflaed // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F116@ 1 FAMC @F109@ 0 @I241@ INDI 1 NAME Edward the /Elder/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 924 1 NOTE He was king of the West Saxons from 899-924, succeeding his father, Alfred 2 CONT the Great. Then, he was succeeded by his son, Athelstan. In 919, Edward 2 CONT received solumn submission of all the men of Northumbria, "English, Danes, 2 CONT Northmen and others," of the kings of the Scots and the Britons of 2 CONT Strathclyde, Ragnall also became his man. 1 FAMS @F117@ 1 FAMS @F118@ 1 FAMC @F109@ 0 @I242@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelberht // 1 NAME Ethelberht // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 866 1 NOTE He succeeded his older brother, Aethelbald, when he died in 860. 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I243@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelbald // 1 NAME Ethelbald // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 860 1 NOTE He assumed the crown when his father Aethelwulf went on a pilgramage to Rome 2 CONT in 855 and refused to give it up when his father returned a year later, 2 CONT however, his father died in 858 and Aethelbald succeeded his father anyhow. 2 CONT He even married his father's widow in 858, but died himself two years later 2 CONT in 860, and his brother Aethelberht succeeded him. 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I244@ INDI 1 NAME King /Burgred/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Married the daughter of Aethelwulf, son of Egbert, Kings of West Saxon. 1 FAMS @F115@ 0 @I245@ INDI 1 NAME wife of King/Burgred/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F115@ 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I246@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred /I/ 1 NAME Ethelred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 871 1 NOTE He succeeded brother Aethelberht when he died in 866. He and brother Alfred 2 CONT fought together in the battle of Ashdown, but he, Aethelred, died of his 2 CONT wounds and Alfred (the Great) succeeded him. King Alfred's authority was 2 CONT admitted in all provinces of England not under Danish rule starting 886. From 2 CONT 886 on, the history of Wessex would be the history of England. 1 FAMC @F137@ 0 @I247@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred // 1 NAME Ethelred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earldorman of Mercians 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 910 1 NOTE When he died in 918, his wife and her brother Edward for seven years 2 CONT encroached on Danish territory which ended after her death. She assumed 2 CONT control of Mercia upon his death, and when she died, the rule was passed onto 2 CONT brother Edward. 1 FAMS @F116@ 0 @I248@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of Edward the/Elder/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F117@ 0 @I249@ INDI 1 NAME Athelstan // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE 895 1 DEAT 2 DATE 939 1 NOTE King from 924-939, he was considered the most brillant among the old English 2 CONT kings. He was the first to hold the title of King of England. In 937, the King 2 CONT of Dublin, Guthfrithson and the Scots invaded far into England, but were 2 CONT soundly defeated at an old ancient place called Brunnanburh. Northumbrian 2 CONT Danes were not present at the battle, whereas a few years earlier they had 2 CONT been the greatest threat to his father. Athelstan was succeeded by 1/2 brother 2 CONT Edmund, son of Edward the Elder. 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I250@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd wife of Edward the/Elder/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F118@ 0 @I251@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /I/ 1 NAME the /Magnificient/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Saxon King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 921 1 DEAT 2 DATE 946 2 PLAC Punklechurch 1 NOTE Succeeded his half brother Athelstan in 939. When the King of Dublin invaded 2 CONT on this new English king, it was a different story, as the first year of 2 CONT Edmund's reign found him defeated and acquiescing in the destruction of all 2 CONT the work done by Edward the Elder. But, in 942 he regained much of the lost 2 CONT territories. He was succeeded by his brother Edred in 946 after being stabbed 2 CONT to death by an exciled robber at Punklechurch. 1 FAMS @F119@ 1 FAMC @F118@ 0 @I252@ INDI 1 NAME Edred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Saxon King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 955 1 NOTE Edred's brother, in 954, became immediate lord of York and Yorkshire, after 2 CONT a succession of ephemeral kings of Norse origin can be traced at York, 2 CONT disappearing in that year of 954. The added territories were passed onto 2 CONT Edred and future English kings. Edred left no immediate heirs, only two young 2 CONT nephews: Eadwig and Edgar. Eadwig succeeded his uncle Edred. 1 FAMC @F118@ 0 @I253@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Edmund/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F119@ 0 @I254@ INDI 1 NAME Eadwig // 1 NAME or /Edwy/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 955-7 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 940 1 DEAT 2 DATE 959 1 NOTE He drove Dunstan into exile, but when the Mercians and the Northumbrians 2 CONT revolted, they chose Eadwig's brother as King of the English, leaving Eadwig 2 CONT to rule Wessex and Kent, 957-959. 1 FAMC @F119@ 0 @I255@ INDI 1 NAME Edgar // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 944 1 DEAT 2 DATE 975 1 NOTE One of the first acts was to recall monastic reformer St. Dunstan, exiled by 2 CONT his brother. Ultimately, St. Dunstan was made Archbishop of Canterbury. In 2 CONT 959, Edgar succeeded to the entire English kingdom. His Reign was notable for 2 CONT establishment of national consolidation, reformation of the clergy, 2 CONT improvement of the judiciary system and formation of a new fleet to defend 2 CONT the coast from Scandinavian Vikings. 1 FAMS @F120@ 1 FAMS @F121@ 1 FAMC @F119@ 0 @I256@ INDI 1 NAME Edith // 1 NAME Eadgyth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 946 1 BURI 2 PLAC Magdeburg 1 NOTE Edith, married Otto, King of the Germans, afterwards Emperor. Her father gave 2 CONT as dowry the flourishing town of Magdeburg. 1 FAMS @F568@ 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I257@ INDI 1 NAME Eadgifu // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She married Charles, King of the West Franks, the descendant of 2 CONT Charlemagne. 1 FAMS @F558@ 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I258@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Hugh the/Great/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sister #3 married Hugh, Duke of the Franks, ancestor of the House of Capet. 1 FAMS @F567@ 1 FAMC @F117@ 0 @I259@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Edgar/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F120@ 0 @I260@ INDI 1 NAME Edward the /Martyr/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 963 1 DEAT 2 DATE 978 2 PLAC Assassinated 1 NOTE A boy at the time of his father's death, Edward ruled under guidance of St. 2 CONT Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury; his reign marked by agitation against the 2 CONT monasteries which father Edgar had favored at the expense of nonmonastic 2 CONT clergy. Miracles are said to have occurred at his tomb, and he was later 2 CONT declared a saint and a martyr. Edward's feast day is March 18. When he was 2 CONT assassinated, it was possible Elfrida, his stepmother, instigated the murder, 2 CONT as her son, Ethelred, succeeded Edward to the English throne. 1 FAMC @F120@ 0 @I261@ INDI 1 NAME Elfrida // 1 NAME Aelfthryth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort #2 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her Stepson was assassinated, possibly, by the instigation of Elfrida, whose 2 CONT son, Ethelred, succeeded him(??). So writes history. 2 CONT Historical facts of this time: In 950, the classical period of the Mayans 2 CONT ends and organs are installed in Abbeys and cathedrals throughout Europe. 1 FAMS @F121@ 0 @I262@ INDI 1 NAME Ethelred the /Unready/ 1 NAME or /Aethelred/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 968 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1016 1 NOTE Suspected by many of complicity in Edward's murder, he seemed an inefficient 2 CONT ruler with successions of Danish raids. While the kingdom of England was 2 CONT conquered, it escaped disintegration under him. 1013: King of Denmark was 2 CONT recognized as "king everywhere" and Ethelred exiled at his brother-in-law's 2 CONT court, Richard, Duke of Normandy. Sweg Forkbeard, the Danish King, died in 2 CONT 1014, however, and the English nobility recalled Ethelred. He was succeeded 2 CONT by his son, Edmund II, when he died in the spring of 1016. 1 FAMS @F483@ 1 FAMS @F122@ 1 FAMC @F121@ 0 @I263@ INDI 1 NAME Emma of /Normandy/ 1 NAME English name: /Aelfgifu/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1052 1 NOTE She represents the blood link to William I the Conqueror, as she is the 2 CONT sister of his grandfather, making her sons cousins once removed. 2 CONT After her husband, Ethelred II, died in 1016, she married Canute II. 2 CONT Canute, a wise and effective ruler, divided England into 4 Earldoms: 2 CONT Mercia, Northumbria, Wessex and East Anglia, about half to Harold I, and the 2 CONT other half to half brother Hardecanute. Hardecanute would be banished by 2 CONT Harold in 1037, Leaving Harold I to be King of all England in 1037-1040. 1 FAMS @F122@ 1 FAMS @F164@ 1 FAMC @F142@ 0 @I264@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund II // 1 NAME called /"Ironside"/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the English 1 BIRT 2 DATE 993 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 30 1016 1 NOTE After his father died in 1016, he was favored to succeed his Father, King 2 CONT Ethelred II, but he died later in November 1016, and Canute II succeeded to 2 CONT the English throne. As to his real mother, it would appear that Emma, at 2 CONT least, could not possibly have been his mother, for he was too old. 1 FAMS @F123@ 1 FAMC @F483@ 0 @I265@ INDI 1 NAME Edward the /Confessor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1002 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 06 1066 1 NOTE The House of Goodwin of Wessex - the recall of the West Saxon dynasty after 2 CONT Cnut and Eric, of Norway, after some 26 years, 1016-1042, of Norwegian rule. 2 CONT The heir thus restored is only the prelude to the Norman Conquest by William 2 CONT the Conqueror, aka William I, cousin to Edward, in 1066. Edward died at the 2 CONT beginning of 1066 and Harold II was immediately recongized King of the English 2 CONT by the nobles in London and crowned by the Archbishop of York. 1 FAMS @F161@ 1 FAMC @F122@ 0 @I266@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Edmund/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F123@ 0 @I267@ INDI 1 NAME mother of /Edgar/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F124@ 1 FAMC @F123@ 0 @I268@ INDI 1 NAME father of /Edgar/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F124@ 0 @I269@ INDI 1 NAME Edgar // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The male line of the house of Wessex survived King Edward the Confessor in 2 CONT the person of Edgar, the grandson of King Edmund II, "Ironside", but as the 2 CONT Norman Conquest grew near, he was only a child at the time. William "was" 2 CONT Edward the confessor's cousin once removed (see Emma of Normandy). The 2 CONT "scant thread" connecting Edward and William I gave William a fundamental 2 CONT advantage over "only a child". Besides, William "was" married to Matilda of 2 CONT Flanders whose ancestry dated back directly to Alfred the Great. 1 FAMC @F124@ 0 @I270@ INDI 1 NAME Anne /Hyde/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James II 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1637 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1671 1 NOTE First wife of James II, who died during his reign. 1 FAMS @F125@ 0 @I271@ INDI 1 NAME wife of James II of Great/Britain/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/James II 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Second wife to James II. 1 FAMS @F126@ 0 @I272@ INDI 1 NAME William II of/Holland/ 1 NAME Prince of /Holland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Holland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1626 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1650 1 NOTE He was also Stadttholder of the Netherlands, as was his son William III. 1 FAMS @F127@ 0 @I273@ INDI 1 NAME Mary // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1631 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1660 1 NOTE She was the eldest daughter of English Charles I. 1 FAMS @F127@ 1 FAMC @F17@ 0 @I274@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Eadric/Streone/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F128@ 1 FAMC @F122@ 0 @I275@ INDI 1 NAME Eadric /Streone/ 1 NAME Edric /Streone/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Alderman of the Mercians 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1017 1 NOTE Alderman from 1007. He was said to have acted treacherously to protect Mercia 2 CONT from the Danes, allowing them to ravage Wessex, etc. As well, he may have 2 CONT played a role in the death of Edmund II (1016). Edric was restored to earldon 2 CONT by Chanute, who, nontheless had him slain as untrustworthy in 1017. 1 FAMS @F128@ 0 @I276@ INDI 1 NAME Antony /Armstrong-Jones/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU British photographer 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1930 1 NOTE A commoner made Earl of Snowdon in 1961. 1 FAMS @F129@ 0 @I277@ INDI 1 NAME David Albert /Charles/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Viscount Linley 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1961 1 FAMC @F129@ 0 @I278@ INDI 1 NAME Lady Sarah /Armstrong-Jones/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1964 1 FAMC @F129@ 0 @I279@ INDI 1 NAME Archibald /Douglas/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 6th Earl of Angus 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F130@ 0 @I280@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Stewart/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 1st Baron of Methven 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F131@ 0 @I281@ INDI 1 NAME Rene /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU titular King of Naples 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 16 1409 2 PLAC Angers, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 10 1480 2 PLAC Aix-en-Provence 1 REFN See Joan II 1 NOTE He was duke consort of Lorraine from 1431-1453 and made heir to the throne of 2 CONT Naples by Queen Joan II in February 1435. Complicated! You know it! Too much 2 CONT so for this family tree! To add to the confusion, Rene was considered a 2 CONT titular king, like his brother, Louis III, titular king of Naples(?)! 1 FAMS @F132@ 1 FAMC @F769@ 0 @I282@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Lorraine/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the elder daughter of Charles II of Lorraine. 1 FAMS @F132@ 1 FAMC @F766@ 0 @I283@ INDI 1 NAME Philip III // 1 NAME the /Bold/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 03 1245 2 PLAC Poissy, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 05 1285 2 PLAC Perpignan, France, died of fever 1 NOTE In his reign, the power of the monarchy was enlarged and the royal domain 2 CONT extended, though his foreign policy and military ventures were largely 2 CONT unsuccessful. 1 FAMS @F133@ 1 FAMS @F530@ 1 FAMC @F520@ 0 @I284@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Aragon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/PhilipIII 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1270 1 NOTE She died on the return from the crusade where Louis IX had perished. Her 2 CONT children, then motherless, saw little of their father, who, stricken by the 2 CONT death of his wife, threw himself into campaigning and administrative affairs. 2 CONT Also, she was the sister of the King of Aragon at that time, which likely 2 CONT meant that she was a daughter of a former King of Aragon, unfounded to this 2 CONT date. 1 FAMS @F133@ 0 @I285@ INDI 1 NAME Charles II the/Bald/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Holy Roman Emperor 875-77 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 823 2 PLAC Frankfurt-AM-Main, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 06 877 2 PLAC Brides-les-Bain, France 1 BURI 2 DATE SEE #1214 1 REFN See #1214 1 NOTE Charles II was called Charles the Bald and was not only king of France 2 CONT (843-877), but Holy Roman Emperor as Charles II, the 4th son of Holy 2 CONT Roman Emperor Louis I. He was given Alemannia by his father in 829. The 3 2 CONT jealous half brothers revolted against their father in 830, deposing Louis I. 2 CONT In 832 their father took Aquitaine away from Pepin and gave it to Charles and 2 CONT they revolted again. During Charles's reign, some of the splendors of the 2 CONT Carolingian renaissance were restored, enhanced by his church collaboration. 1 FAMS @F134@ 1 FAMC @F135@ 0 @I286@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles II the/Bald/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Royal consort/wife 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F134@ 0 @I287@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /I/ 1 NAME the /Pious/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Germany 814-840 1 BIRT 2 DATE 778 2 PLAC Chasseneuil, Aquitaine, near Poitiers 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 20 840 2 PLAC Petersaue, Germany 1 BURI 2 DATE METZ 2 PLAC Church of St. Arnulf 1 NOTE He was also King of Aquitaine 781-840. Louis was the son and sole successor 2 CONT of Charlemagne. In 817, Louis made plans for an orderly succession among his 2 CONT sons, Lothair I, Louis II, and Pepin of Aquitaine. Later, he wanted to include 2 CONT his son Charles II the Bald, son by a second marriage. Dissatisfied, the older 2 CONT three brothers rebelled (830 & 833/4) against their father & fought amongst 2 CONT themselves for supremacy as well. Pepin died in 838. Eventually, the empire 2 CONT was divided (843) among the three surviving brothers; the empire in disarray. 1 FAMS @F136@ 1 FAMS @F135@ 1 FAMC @F575@ 0 @I288@ INDI 1 NAME Judith of /Bavaria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Royal consort/Louis 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the second wife of Louis I. Her determination to have her only son 2 CONT find a way to a royal crown with two older half brothers still surviving led 2 CONT to civil war between those two sons by the first wife of Louis I: Holy Roman 2 CONT Emperor Lothair, and King Louis II of Germany. 1 FAMS @F135@ 0 @I289@ INDI 1 NAME Irmengard of /Hesbaye/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Royal consort/Louis I 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 818 1 FAMS @F136@ 0 @I290@ INDI 1 NAME Lothair /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Holy Roman Emperor 840-55 1 BIRT 2 DATE 795 1 DEAT 2 DATE 855 1 NOTE In Aug-814 his father made him nominal king of Bavaria, then in 817 gave the 2 CONT crown of Bavaria to Louis II the German and made him, Lothair, co-emperor and 2 CONT heir, who was only 22 at the time. In 817, he was given control of Italy as 2 CONT Emperor. 1 FAMS @F579@ 1 FAMC @F136@ 0 @I291@ INDI 1 NAME Louis II the/German/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of E Franks(Germany) 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 804 2 PLAC Aquitaine, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 28 876 2 PLAC Frankfurt, Germany 1 NOTE In 817, his father gave him Bavaria to rule and made Lothair co-emperor and 2 CONT heir. The East Franks from which the German state later evolved. Their 2 CONT father having died in 840, in 843, Charles the Bald, Lothair, and Louis II the 2 CONT German divided the western, the middle, and the eastern parts of the empire, 2 CONT respectively between them. Louis, received the territory of Franconians, the 2 CONT Swabians, the Bavarians, and the Saxons, together with the Carolingain 2 CONT provences to the east. Later, quarrels and discontent between his 3 sons. 1 FAMS @F574@ 1 FAMC @F136@ 0 @I292@ INDI 1 NAME Osburh // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen Consort/Aethelwulf 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F137@ 0 @I293@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred /Mucill/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Ealdorman of the Giani 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F138@ 0 @I294@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Aethelred/Mucill/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F138@ 0 @I295@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert I of/Normandy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F140@ 0 @I296@ INDI 1 NAME Odo // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He becames one of the few of Willam's ministers of note, for awhile, until he 2 CONT lost favor and was finally thrown into prison on charge of disloyalty in 1082. 1 FAMC @F140@ 0 @I297@ INDI 1 NAME Robert of /Mortain/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Cornwall 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE As another of William's ministers of note, this half brother showed little 2 CONT capacity as minister. 1 FAMC @F140@ 0 @I298@ INDI 1 NAME Richard // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was "killed wilst hunting". 1 FAMC @F92@ 0 @I299@ INDI 1 NAME Richard II // 1 NAME Le Bon, the/Good/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/966-1027 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1027 1 NOTE Succeeded his father in 966, and was succeeded by his son, Robert I, in 1027, 2 CONT the father of William I, the Conqueror. 1 FAMS @F141@ 1 FAMC @F142@ 0 @I300@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Richard/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F141@ 0 @I301@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /I/ 1 NAME Sans Peur, the/Fearless/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/942-996 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 932 1 DEAT 2 DATE 996 1 NOTE In the history of the Dukes of Normandy, there is no information between 931 2 CONT and 942 as to the Dukes of Normandy. The 1st duke was Rollo, a direct 2 CONT ancestor of the rest, 860?-931?, the leader of a menacing band of Viking 2 CONT raiders. The Vikings set up their bases at the mouths of rivers. In 911 a 2 CONT large company of Vikings, under Rollo, accepted from King Charles the Simple 2 CONT of France, the simple territory in the lower Seine Valley that became known 2 CONT as Normandy. Rollo, therefore, became the 1st Duke of Normandy. See Rollo. 1 FAMS @F142@ 1 FAMC @F168@ 0 @I302@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Richard I of/Normandy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F142@ 0 @I303@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Mar 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE ATE UNK 1 FAMC @F4@ 0 @I304@ INDI 1 NAME Cerdic // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 534 1 NOTE Wessex, early Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southern England east of Cornwall, was 2 CONT founded by 2 princes, Cerdic and son Cynric in 494 or 495. Settlers followed 2 CONT in 501 and 514. They became kings in 519 in the southern part of Hampshire 2 CONT after successive battles with the Welsh. In 530, they conquered the Isle of 2 CONT Wight, which they gave to 2 relatives, Stuf and Wihgar. This dynasty is 2 CONT claimed to be of the same origin as the house of Benicia. When Cerdic died in 2 CONT 534, son Cynric succeeded, followed by his son, Ceawlin in 560. 1 FAMS @F143@ 0 @I305@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cedric/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 541, the Bubonic Plague ravages Europe, 2 CONT ending in 594, but halving the European population. In 520, King Arthur is 2 CONT said to have organized the Celtic defense against Saxon invaders. In 500, 2 CONT modern forms of harness for draft animals appear in China. 1 FAMS @F143@ 0 @I306@ INDI 1 NAME Cynric // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 560 1 NOTE Cynric defeated the Britons at (old) Salisbury in 552 with son Ceawlin, and at 2 CONT Beranburh, probably Barbury Hill near Surdon in 556. 1 FAMS @F144@ 1 FAMC @F143@ 0 @I307@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cynric/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Historical facts during this time: In 586, the earliest known depiction of 2 CONT Christ on the cross is made. In 565, the 1st recorded sighting of the Loch 2 CONT Ness Monster is made in Scotland. In 550, the Crucifix develops as an 2 CONT ornament. 1 FAMS @F144@ 0 @I308@ INDI 1 NAME Ceawlin // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 593 1 REFN See #309 2 SOUR Claims the "Chronicle", early writings of the times. 1 NOTE The kingdom was largely increased under Ceawlin with two great victories over 2 CONT the Welsh: (1) One at Bedcanford in 571, by which Aylesbury and the upper 2 CONT part of the Thames Valley fell into the hands of the west Saxons, and (2) at 2 CONT Dyrham in Gloucester in 577, which led to the capture of Cirencester, Bath 2 CONT and Gloucester. Ceawlin is said to have defeated Aethelbert at a place called 2 CONT Wibbandun in 568. In 592 he was expelled and died in 593. His successors were 2 CONT Ceol and Ceolwulf. Ceolwulf is said to have engaged in constant warfare. 1 FAMS @F288@ 1 FAMC @F144@ 0 @I309@ INDI 1 NAME Ceol // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 597 1 REFN See #308 1 NOTE King Ceawlin was succeeded by King Ceol in 592/3, his nephew. 2 CONT King Ceol was succeeded by King Ceolwulf in 597, his brother. 2 CONT King Ceolwulf was succeeded by King Cyneglis in 611, son of Ceol. 2 CONT King Cyneglis was succeeded by King Cenwahl, his son, in 673. 2 CONT Historical fact during this time: the earliest game of chess is invented in 2 CONT India in 600 AD. 1 FAMS @F287@ 1 FAMC @F286@ 0 @I310@ INDI 1 NAME Ceolwulf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 611 1 REFN See #309, #311 1 NOTE King Ceolwulf succeeded King Ceol, his brother in 597. Then, 2 CONT King Ceolwulf was succeeded by King Cynegils in 611, son of Cleo. 2 CONT King Cyneglis was succeeded by his son, King Cenwalh in 642/43. 2 CONT King Ceolwulf is said to have engaged in constant warfare. 1 FAMC @F286@ 0 @I311@ INDI 1 NAME Cynegils // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 DATE 635 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 673 1 REFN See #310 1 NOTE King Cynegils succeeded King Ceolwulf in 611, his uncle thro brother Ceol. 2 CONT King Cynegils was succeeded by son King Cenwalh in 643. King Cynegils, along 2 CONT with son Cwichen, were baptized in 635, making King Cynegils the first West 2 CONT Saxon king to convert to Christianity. 1 FAMS @F145@ 1 FAMC @F287@ 0 @I312@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cynegils/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F145@ 0 @I313@ INDI 1 NAME Cwichelm // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 DATE 635 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Cwichelm, brother to Cenwahl, the next king of Wessex after Cynegils, 2 CONT provoked a Northumbrian invasion by attempted murder of Edwin in 626. 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I314@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Oswald/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/King Oswald 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of King Cynegils, sister to Cwichelm and the next King 2 CONT of Wessex, Cenwalh. Also, she was the Queen/wife of the King of Northumbria, 2 CONT Oswald. 1 FAMS @F146@ 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I315@ INDI 1 NAME Cenwalh // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 673 1 REFN See #311, #318 1 NOTE King Cenwalh succeeded father, King Cynengils in 643. Cenwalh was succeeded 2 CONT by his widow, Sexburh, in 673. It is said she ruled for about a year and 2 CONT succeeded by Aescwine (son ?) from 674-676, then by Centwine, brother of 2 CONT Cenwalh, 676-85. The crown was then "assumed" by Ceadwalls in 685 - relartive? 1 FAMS @F147@ 1 FAMS @F148@ 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I316@ INDI 1 NAME Oswald // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 605 1 BAPM 2 DATE CHRISTIAN 2 PLAC Iona after 616 1 DEAT 2 DATE 641 1 BURI 2 DATE SAINT 1 NOTE Oswald introduced Christianity with the aid of St. Aidan after converting to 2 CONT Christianity while in exile after 616 in Iona. He aided brothers to drive out 2 CONT Anglian invaders - killed Cadwallon in battle in 633, and Succeeded his older 2 CONT brother to the throne. Oswald regained Northumbria and brought Christian 2 CONT missionaries to rebuild the shattered fabric of Christianity in Northern 2 CONT England but was killed in battle against the pagan King Penda of Mercia in 2 CONT 641, and again, Northumbria fell, this time to King Penda. See Oswy. 1 FAMS @F146@ 1 FAMC @F191@ 0 @I317@ INDI 1 NAME sister of /Penda/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Cenwalh married, then divorced the sister of Penda, the King of Mercia. Penda 2 CONT expelled Cenwalh because of the divorce to his sister, but after returning 2 CONT from Mercia, Cenwalh gained a victory over the Welsh near Pen-Selwood by 2 CONT which a large portion of Somerset came into his hands. In 661, he was again 2 CONT attacked by the Mercians, then under King Wulfhere. Cenwalh was in exile from 2 CONT 645-648, driven there by Penda for divorcing his sister. 1 FAMS @F147@ 0 @I318@ INDI 1 NAME Sexburg // 1 NAME sexburh // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Wessex/673-674 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 REFN See #315-#319 1 NOTE Sexburh became the 2nd wife to King Cenwalh, and at his death in 673, she 2 CONT held the crown and ruled for about a year, succeeded by Aescwine (son??) from 2 CONT 674-676, then by Centwine from 676-685 (son of ???) The throne was "assumed" 2 CONT in 685 by Ceadwalls in 685 (relative???). 1 FAMS @F148@ 0 @I319@ INDI 1 NAME Aescwine // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 676 1 REFN See #318, #320 1 NOTE King Aescwine succeeded Sexburh in 674, succeeded by Centwine from 676-685. 2 CONT In 685, there was an "assumption to the throne" by Ceadwalls. 0 @I320@ INDI 1 NAME Centwine // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 685 1 REFN See #319, #321 1 NOTE King Centwine succeeded Aescwine in 676 and ruled from 676-685, died?? 2 CONT Centwine was succeeded by an "assumption the the crown" by Ceadwalla in 685. 2 CONT After Centwine, the crown "was left to" Ine - relationship between all these 2 CONT cast of "characters" is unsure in 1997, but by the end of the 7th century a 2 CONT considerable part of Devonshire, as well as the whole of Somerset and Dorset 2 CONT had fallen into the hands of the West Saxons. 1 FAMC @F145@ 0 @I321@ INDI 1 NAME Ceadwalla // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 659 1 BAPM 2 DATE APR 10 689 2 PLAC Rome, as Christian convert 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 20 689 1 BURI 2 PLAC St. Peters 1 REFN See #320, #322 1 NOTE Ceadwall succeeded Centwine to the throne in 685 by an "assumption to the 2 CONT throne". As great grandson of Ceawlin, he increased the kingdom's prestigue 2 CONT by conquering the Isle of Wight, the inhabitants whom he treated with great 2 CONT barbarity. After a brief rule by Ceadwalla, he went to Rome, was baptized and 2 CONT died, leaving the kingdom to Ine - a relative?? Again, by the end of the 7th 2 CONT century, a considerable part of Devonshire, as well as the whole of Somerset 2 CONT and Dorset, had fallen into the hands of the West Saxons. 1 FAMC @F290@ 0 @I322@ INDI 1 NAME Ine // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 REFN See #321, #323 1 NOTE After a brief rule, Ceadwalla, whom Ine had succeeded having had the kingdom 2 CONT "left to him"(??), (relative??), King Ine resigned the throne in 726. The 2 CONT throne was then "obtained" by Aethelred, his brother-in-law, who had to submit 2 CONT to the Mercian King, Aethelbald, by whom he seemed to have been attacked 2 CONT in 733. Aethelred was succeeded by Cuthred in 740. Under King Ine, Wessex 2 CONT emerged as one of the strongest kingdoms on the Isle, being ruled mostly by 2 CONT other Saxon kingdoms such Mercia, Northumbria & Kent during the 7th century. 1 FAMC @F292@ 0 @I323@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 740 1 REFN See #322, #324 1 NOTE Aethelred "obtained the throne" from King Ine, his brother-in-law, in 726, 2 CONT when Ine resigned. Aethelred, however, had to "submit" to the Mercian King, 2 CONT Aethelbad, by whom he seems to have been attacked in 733. Aethelred was 2 CONT succeeded by Cuthred in 740 - relative?? 0 @I324@ INDI 1 NAME Cuthred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 756 1 REFN See #323, #325 1 NOTE Cuthred succeeded Aethelred (relative??) in 740, and acted in concert with 2 CONT Aethelred at first, but then revolted in 752. Cuthred died in 756 and was 2 CONT succeeded by Sigelbert (relative??) to the throne of the Anglo-Saxons in 2 CONT Wessex. Historical facts during this time: In 755, the formation of the Papal 2 CONT States begins in Italy. In 748, the 1st newspaper appears in China. In 731, 2 CONT the Venerable Bede writes a history of the English Church. In 730, printing 2 CONT begins in China. In 700, waterwheels are used throughout Europe. 0 @I325@ INDI 1 NAME Sigelbert // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 REFN See #326 1 NOTE Siegelbert succeeded King Cuthred in 756 as King of the Anglo-Saxons in Wessex 2 CONT but because of his regal blunders, he was deserted by most of his leading 2 CONT nobles. With the exception of Hampshire, the entire kingdome came into the 2 CONT hands of Cynewulf (relative??). Sigelbert, after putting to death the last of 2 CONT his faithful princes, was driven into exile and subseqwuently murdered. 0 @I326@ INDI 1 NAME Cynewulf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 786 1 REFN See #324, #327 1 NOTE The kindom ruled by King Cuthred, with the exception of Hampshire, had fallen 2 CONT "into the hands" of Cynewulf after King Cuthred "lost his kingdom" and was 2 CONT driven into exile and later murdered. Cynewulf (relative to Cuthred??) was 2 CONT sucucceeded in 786 by Berhtric (relative??). Berhtric married Eadburg, the 2 CONT daughter of Offa, the Mercian King. Cynewulf was murdered by Cyneheard, 2 CONT brother of Sigeberht. 0 @I327@ INDI 1 NAME Berhtric // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 802 1 REFN See #326, #238 1 NOTE Berhtric succeeded Cynewulf in 786 (relatives??). Berhtric's wife, Eadburg, 2 CONT was the daughter of the Mercian King Offa. Apparently, her murderous conduct 2 CONT led to the death of her husband, King Berhtric, in 802. Berthric was then 2 CONT succeeded by Egbert and later, in 825, King Egbert overthrew the then Mercian 2 CONT king, Beornwulf, leading to West Saxon supremacy and to the annexation by 2 CONT by Wessex of Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Essex. See Egbert. 1 FAMS @F149@ 0 @I328@ INDI 1 NAME Eadburg // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Berhtric 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Eadburg was the daughter of the Mercian king, Offa. Her apparent "murderous 2 CONT conduct" led to the death of her husband, King Berhtric in 802. 1 FAMS @F149@ 1 FAMC @F150@ 0 @I329@ INDI 1 NAME Offa // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Mercia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F150@ 0 @I330@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Offa/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/King Offa 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F150@ 0 @I331@ INDI 1 NAME father of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F151@ 1 FAMC @F152@ 0 @I332@ INDI 1 NAME mother of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F151@ 0 @I333@ INDI 1 NAME Sir Henry /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl or Prince of Orkney 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1400 1 NOTE The title of Earl (prince) of Orkney was created by Haakon VI, King of Norway 2 CONT in 1379. Aided by Venetian navigators, Niccoloand and Antonio Zeno, conquered 2 CONT (1391) Faveroe Islands (Frislanda) and Shetland. 2 CONT The St. Clair, or Sinclair, Scottish family held the Earldom of Orkey from 2 CONT 1379-1471, and the Earldom of Caithness from 1455. 1 FAMS @F152@ 1 FAMC @F153@ 0 @I334@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir Henry/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F152@ 0 @I335@ INDI 1 NAME Sir William /St. Clair/ 1 NAME or /Sinclair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1330 1 NOTE He accompanied Sir James Douglas to Palestine and was slain with him by 2 CONT Saracens in Audalusia. 1 FAMS @F153@ 1 FAMC @F158@ 0 @I336@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F153@ 0 @I337@ INDI 1 NAME wife of William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F157@ 0 @I338@ INDI 1 NAME son of William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F155@ 1 FAMC @F157@ 0 @I339@ INDI 1 NAME wife of son of William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F155@ 0 @I342@ INDI 1 NAME George /St. Clair/ 1 NAME or /Sinclair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 4th Earl of Caithness 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1582 1 NOTE This Great Grandson of Sir William (born 1404-1480) was a Roman Catholic 2 CONT supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots, who was implicated in the murder of her 2 CONT 2nd husband, Henry Stewart. George presided at the trial of Mary's 3rd 2 CONT husband, Bothwell, in the murder of her husband number 2. 1 FAMC @F155@ 0 @I343@ INDI 1 NAME son of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F158@ 1 FAMC @F159@ 0 @I344@ INDI 1 NAME wife of son of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F158@ 0 @I345@ INDI 1 NAME Sir William /St. Clair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Baron of Rosslyn 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1240 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1303 1 NOTE Partisan of Baliol and leader of Scots in revolt against Edward I of England. 1 FAMS @F159@ 0 @I346@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sir William/St. Clair/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F159@ 0 @I347@ INDI 1 NAME Prince Charles of/Norway/ 1 NAME King Haakon of/Norway/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Norway 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He and his wife were cousins. He became King Haakon of Norway. 2 CONT Historical facts during this time: In 1891, American Express Company issued 2 CONT the 1st Traveler's checks. In 1892 the 1st newspaper comics were published by 2 CONT the San Francisco Examiner. In 1895, the American Bowling Congress is 2 CONT founded, the ABC. In 1896, the 1st modern Olympics are held at Athens, Greece 2 CONT with 13 Countries competing. In 1897, the Katzenjammer Kids comics began by 2 CONT Rudolph Dirks. 1 FAMS @F160@ 0 @I348@ INDI 1 NAME Edith // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Edward 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Married Edward the Confessor. 1 FAMS @F161@ 1 FAMC @F162@ 0 @I349@ INDI 1 NAME Godwin // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Wessex 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1053 1 NOTE His father was Canute II, called the Great, 994-1035, Danish King of England 2 CONT 1016-1035, King of Norway 1028-1035, and King of Denmark 1018-1035. Canute 2 CONT was the son of Sweyn I Forkbeard, King of Denmark who conquerer England in 2 CONT 1013. From 1013 to 1042, there were proclaimed and self-proclaimed Kings of 2 CONT England, due to foreign rule. 1 FAMS @F162@ 0 @I350@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Godwin/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F162@ 0 @I351@ INDI 1 NAME Harold II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1020 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1066 2 PLAC Battle of Hastings 1 NOTE Harold was a short-lived King of England; ruled from January 6, 1066 to 2 CONT October 14, 1066, when he died in battle during the Norman conquest at the 2 CONT Battle of Hastings in 1066 having succeeded Edward the Confessor who had 2 CONT died in January. Harold had earlier been made the Earl of Anglia in 1045 and 2 CONT was to be the last Anglo-Saxon King of England. William I, the Conqueror, 2 CONT would succeed him as King of England. Still earlier, Harold became Earl of 2 CONT Wessex when his father, Godwin, died in 1053. 1 FAMC @F162@ 0 @I352@ INDI 1 NAME Tostig // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1024 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1066 2 PLAC Battle of Hastings 1 NOTE Killed at the Battle of Hastings along with his brother, Harold II, 2 CONT proclaimed King of England after Edward the confessor died. 1 FAMC @F162@ 0 @I353@ INDI 1 NAME Sweyn /I/ 1 NAME Sweyn /Forkbeard/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Denmark, etc 1 BIRT 2 DATE 960 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1014 2 PLAC Gainsborough 1 NOTE King of Denmark, 985-1014. He made an expedition against England and in 994 2 CONT extorted a large amount of tribute money. Following a massacre of Danes in 2 CONT England in 1002, he conducted a further series of raids and in 1013 led an 2 CONT invasion to effect a permanent conquest. The fall of London and the flight of 2 CONT the English King Ethelred to Normandy made Sweyn the master of England in 2 CONT 1014. After his death, the English throne was eventually passed to his son 2 CONT Canute II in 1016. Sweyn "died suddenly" at Gainsborough. 1 FAMS @F163@ 1 FAMC @F165@ 0 @I354@ INDI 1 NAME Gunnhild // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Widow of King Erik the Victorious of Sweden. 1 FAMS @F163@ 0 @I355@ INDI 1 NAME Canute II // 1 NAME the Great, or/Cnut/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Denmark, etc 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 994 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1035 1 NOTE Norwegian, who, upon the death of his father, Sweyn I Forkbeard, became 2 CONT undisputed King of England from 1016-1035, then King of Denmark 1018-1035, 2 CONT and King of Norway 1028-1035. His father having conquered England in 1013, 2 CONT then dying in 1014 caused Ethelred to return to reclaim his throne. 2 CONT This caused Canute to invade in 1015, but the English advisory council of 2 CONT Anglo-Saxon kings reinstated Ethelred, who died in 1016. After Ethelred's 2 CONT son, Edmund II, died in November 1016, Canute II became undisputed King. 1 FAMS @F482@ 1 FAMS @F164@ 1 FAMC @F163@ 0 @I356@ INDI 1 NAME Hardecanute // 1 NAME Harthacanute // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1019 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1042 1 NOTE King of England 1040-1042, succeeding his half-brother Harold I. Hardecanute 2 CONT was unpopular with his subjects and left control with the powerful Godwin, 2 CONT Earl of Wessex, and his mother Emma. He was succeeded by his half-brother 2 CONT Edward the Confessor, who ruled from 1042 to January 6, 1066, succeeded in a 2 CONT few months by Harold II (Godwin's son), killed at the battle of Hastings by 2 CONT the forces of William the Conqueror. 1 FAMC @F164@ 0 @I357@ INDI 1 NAME Harold /I/ 1 NAME Haold /Harefoot/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of England 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1040 1 NOTE Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute II, (mother unk) who banished his 2 CONT half-brother Hardecanute in 1037. Harold died in 1040 and Hardecanute 2 CONT succeeded him in 1040, but died himself in 1042. When Canute died in 1037, 2 CONT Harold claimed the crown, but the English royal council, Wilenagemot, ruled 2 CONT to divide the kingdom between the Harold and his half-brother, but when Harold 2 CONT banished Hardecanute in 1037, Harold I became King of all England. 1 FAMC @F482@ 0 @I358@ INDI 1 NAME Sweyn // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Norway 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1036 1 NOTE After his father disputed with King Olaf II of Norway, Olaf II was forced into 2 CONT exile and Sweyn claimed the crown in 1028, but died in 1036, and Olaf III 2 CONT succeeded Sweyn for the crown of Norway, his father, Olaf II, having been 2 CONT killed in battle. 1 FAMC @F482@ 0 @I359@ INDI 1 NAME Estrid // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F163@ 0 @I360@ INDI 1 NAME Harold II // 1 NAME Harold /Bluetooth/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Denmark 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 DATE 960 1 DEAT 2 DATE 985 1 NOTE Harold inherited his kingdom, centered on Jelling in Jutland. Although he 2 CONT temporarily lost southern Jutland (974-983), he secured all Denmark under his 2 CONT control and extended his rule to much of Norway. He was baptized in 960, thus 2 CONT introducing Christianity to Denmark. Having consolidating the Danish realm as 2 CONT a unitary kingdom, he was fatally wounded, during a rebellion by his son and 2 CONT successor Sweyn I, in 985. 1 FAMS @F165@ 1 FAMC @F166@ 0 @I361@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Harold/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F165@ 0 @I362@ INDI 1 NAME Gorn // 1 NAME Gorm, the /Old/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Ruler of Denmark 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C935 1 NOTE He was the Danish ruler who founded the dynasty centered at Jutland that 2 CONT succeeded in uniting Denmark. 1 FAMS @F166@ 0 @I363@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Gorn/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F166@ 0 @I364@ INDI 1 NAME Rollo // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy/ 911-31? 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 860 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 931 1 NOTE See message under Richard I, Duke of Normandy. Rollo was the 1st Duke of 2 CONT Normandy and an ancestor of William I of England, aka, William II of 2 CONT Normandy. See #301. 1 FAMS @F167@ 0 @I365@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Rollo/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F167@ 0 @I366@ INDI 1 NAME William I, Duke of/Normandy/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Normandy c930-942 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 942 1 NOTE Note: Not confirmed by any reference sources as son of Rollo as of 1997. This 2 CONT is an assumed conclusion based upon the dates shown as to the reigns of 2 CONT Rollo, died c931, and the start of William I, duke of Normandy's reign, as 2 CONT being c930. Whether a brother of sister is involved in the passing of the 2 CONT Duke of Normandy title, remains to be reasearched further. William I was a 1 FAMS @F168@ 1 FAMC @F167@ 0 @I367@ INDI 1 NAME wife of William I of/Normandy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Normandy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F168@ 0 @I368@ INDI 1 NAME Robert de Bruce/VII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Carrick 1253-1304 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He paid homage to Edward I, King of England. His son, Robert de Bruce VIII, 2 CONT usually know simply as Robert Bruce, became Robert I, King of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F169@ 1 FAMC @F170@ 0 @I369@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert de Bruce/VII/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F169@ 0 @I370@ INDI 1 NAME Robert de Bruce/VI/ 1 NAME the /Competitor/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1210 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1295 1 NOTE He vied unsuccessfully for the Scottist throne, but lost out to John de 2 CONT Baliol. 1 FAMS @F170@ 1 FAMC @F171@ 0 @I371@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert de Bruce/VI/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F170@ 0 @I372@ INDI 1 NAME Robert de Bruce/V/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1245 1 NOTE He married a niece of William the Lion, King of Scotland 1165-1214, laying 2 CONT foundation for the claim to the Scottish throne. 1 FAMS @F171@ 1 FAMC @F172@ 0 @I373@ INDI 1 NAME Isabel // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the niece of William the Lion, King of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F171@ 0 @I374@ INDI 1 NAME William /de Bruce/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F172@ 1 FAMC @F173@ 0 @I375@ INDI 1 NAME wife of William/de Bruce/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F172@ 0 @I376@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /de Bruce/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Lord of Annadale 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1189 1 NOTE He is considered the founder of the Scottish branch of the family. When he 2 CONT married a daughter of King William the Lion, "foundation" began building for 2 CONT claim to the Scottish throne later. 1 FAMS @F173@ 1 FAMC @F175@ 0 @I377@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robet/de Bruce/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F173@ 0 @I378@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /de Bruce/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1191 1 NOTE He married a daughter of William the Lion, King of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F174@ 1 FAMC @F173@ 0 @I379@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert/de Bruce/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of William the Lion, King of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F174@ 1 FAMC @F101@ 0 @I380@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /de Bruce/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Lord of Annadale 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1078 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1141 1 NOTE He was a companion in arms to Prince David who would become David I King of 2 CONT Scotland, from whom Robert received a grant of the Lordship of Annadale 2 CONT (later in the region of Dumfries and Galloway). The English estates of Robert 2 CONT II were inherited by his eldest son whose male line terminated with Peter 2 CONT Bruce, Constable of Scarborough (d. 1271) & Annadale was passed onto his 2nd 2 CONT son Robert de Bruce III. 1 FAMS @F175@ 1 FAMC @F176@ 0 @I381@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert/de Bruce/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F175@ 0 @I382@ INDI 1 NAME First Son of Robert/de Bruce/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F175@ 0 @I383@ INDI 1 NAME Robert de Bruce/I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Norman Knight from Bruis 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 2 PLAC Bruis Castle near Cherbourg, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1094 1 NOTE A norman Knight who, in 1066, went to England with William the Conqueror. 1 FAMS @F176@ 0 @I384@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert de Bruce/I/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F176@ 0 @I386@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Scotland/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1045 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1093 1 NOTE Margaret, an English Princess, was later canonized as Saint Margaret, had 2 CONT been forced into exile in Scotland by the Norman conquest in 1066. Her 2 CONT religious activities flared up a rebellion after Malcolm's death. Margaret, 2 CONT her stepson Duncan, later Duncan II, King of Scotland, and their English 2 CONT retainers were driven from the country. Three sons ascended the throne and 2 CONT and established the feudal system in Scotland. Steadily, Anglicization of 2 CONT Scotland took place because of Margaret's deep religious/cultural views. 1 FAMS @F180@ 0 @I387@ INDI 1 NAME Edgar // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1074 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1107 1 FAMC @F180@ 0 @I388@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1078 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1124 1 FAMC @F180@ 0 @I389@ INDI 1 NAME David /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1084 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1153 1 NOTE When his oldest brother Edgar died, Brother Alexander became king and David 2 CONT inherited southern Scotland with the title, Earl of Cumbria, but when he 2 CONT married the daughter of the Earl of Northumbria, he thereby became the Earl 2 CONT of Huntington, and a vassal of the English crown. David replaced the 2 CONT traditional Scottish Tribal organization with one modeled after that of 2 CONT Norman of England, and was noted for the castles he build and the 2 CONT montasteries he founded. He was succeeded by Grandson Malcolm IV. 1 FAMS @F178@ 1 FAMC @F180@ 0 @I390@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the Earl of Northumbria and heiress of two English 2 CONT Earldoms, one of them Northumbia. Her grandfather was Earl Siward, who played 2 CONT an important role in the reign of Edward the Confessor. 1 FAMS @F178@ 1 FAMC @F188@ 0 @I391@ INDI 1 NAME Duncan /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1040 2 PLAC Cawdor Castle in Nairshire 1 NOTE Grandson to Malcolm II. Under Malcolm's rule, in 1018, in the battle of 2 CONT Carham, the Northumbrians were decisively defeated. With this event and as a 2 CONT result of the inheritance of the crown of Strathclyde by Malcolm's grandson 2 CONT Duncan, the Scottish domains, thereafter known as Scotland, embraced the 2 CONT territory north of Solway Firth and the Tweed River. Duncan's reign, a period 2 CONT of disastrous wars and internal strife, was ended in 1040 with his 2 CONT assassination by Macbeth, his successor and cousin. See Macbeth. 1 FAMS @F179@ 1 FAMC @F184@ 0 @I392@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Duncan/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F179@ 0 @I393@ INDI 1 NAME Malcolm III /Canmore/ 1 NAME Malcolm /MacDuncan/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1031 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1093 2 PLAC Raid on Northumbria, killed 1 NOTE He killed Macbeth in 1057, thereby avenging Macbeth's murder of his father, 2 CONT Duncan I in 1040. The killing took place at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. 1 FAMS @F181@ 1 FAMS @F180@ 1 FAMC @F179@ 0 @I394@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Malcom III/Canmore/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE There was another wife or woman in Malcolm's life, for Duncan II was the 2 CONT Stepson of Margaret. 1 FAMS @F181@ 0 @I395@ INDI 1 NAME Duncan II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1060 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1094 1 NOTE In 1093 he deposed his uncle, Donald Bane, From the Scottish throne. He lived 2 CONT for a time as hostage in Normandy, but gained help from the English and 2 CONT Normans to help drive out the uncle and reclaim the throne, which he had only 2 CONT a few short months up to a year before he was killed by agents of Donald 2 CONT Bane, who was restored to the throne until 1097 when Edgar, one of the 6 sons 2 CONT of Malcolm III and Margaret, ascended the throne of Scotland. 1 FAMC @F181@ 0 @I396@ INDI 1 NAME Donald /Bane/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1033 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1097 1 NOTE In a rebelion in 1093, brother Donald seized the throne, was deposed by his 2 CONT nephew Duncan II, gained back the throne after having Duncan killed before 2 CONT the year was over, then died in 1097, when Edgar ascended to the throne. 1 FAMC @F179@ 0 @I397@ INDI 1 NAME Macbeth // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1005 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1057 2 PLAC Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire 1 NOTE He was likely grandson of King Kenneth II. He succeeded (c1031) as Moarmaer 2 CONT (chief) of Moray Province. He killed his cousin Duncan I in civil war near 2 CONT Elgin and seized the kingdom in 1040. Later he was defeated and killed by the 2 CONT son of Duncan, Malcolm III. Macbeth had been one of Duncan's own generals who 2 CONT made claim to the throne by his own birthrights and by that of his wife and 2 CONT stepson(??). 1 FAMC @F186@ 0 @I398@ INDI 1 NAME Kenneth II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 995 1 NOTE From the beginning of his reign, Kenneth waged war against the Saxons, 2 CONT particularly the Earls of Northumbria who occulied southern Scotland, and the 2 CONT Vikings. Though he was not very successful in his wars, he consolidated 2 CONT central Scotland into a strong kingdom. 1 FAMS @F182@ 1 FAMC @F187@ 0 @I399@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Kenneth/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F182@ 0 @I400@ INDI 1 NAME Henry // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Northumberland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The son of David I prdeceased him, so David's grandson, Malcolm IV, succeeded 2 CONT David I to the Scottish throne. 1 FAMS @F183@ 1 FAMC @F178@ 0 @I401@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Henry/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F183@ 0 @I402@ INDI 1 NAME Malcolm IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1142 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1165 1 NOTE Succeeded his grandfather, David I. He surrendered Northumbria, and 2 CONT Cumberland to Henry II of England. 1 FAMC @F183@ 0 @I403@ INDI 1 NAME son of Malcom II/MacKenneth/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F184@ 1 FAMC @F185@ 0 @I404@ INDI 1 NAME wife of son of Malcolm III/MacKenneth/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F184@ 0 @I405@ INDI 1 NAME Malcolm II /MacKenneth/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 953 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1034 1 NOTE See message under Duncan I, his successor and grandson. 1 FAMS @F185@ 1 FAMC @F190@ 0 @I406@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Malcom II/MacKenneth/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F185@ 0 @I407@ INDI 1 NAME son of /Kenneth/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F186@ 1 FAMC @F182@ 0 @I408@ INDI 1 NAME wife of son of/Kenneth/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F186@ 0 @I409@ INDI 1 NAME Malcolm I /MacDonald/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 954 1 NOTE He was given Cumbria by the west saxon king Edmund I in 945, but lost 2 CONT Northumbria in 954, as well as his life. 1 FAMS @F187@ 0 @I410@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Malcolm I/MacDonald/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F187@ 0 @I411@ INDI 1 NAME Kenneth I /MacAlpine/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 858 1 NOTE He was the traditional founder of the Scottish kingdom, succeeded his father 2 CONT Alpin, as King of the Scots of Dalreada (834), Subdued the Pits 841-846, 2 CONT United them with Gaelic Scots in kingdom first called Scotland, and 2 CONT established his capital at Scone. 0 @I412@ INDI 1 NAME Waltheof // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1076 1 NOTE He submitted to William the Conqueror in 1066; joined Danish invaders in the 2 CONT massacre of the French at York (1069); pardoned by William and married 2 CONT William's niece Judith; Earl in 1072; convicted of complicity in the plot for 2 CONT the Danish invasion of England and beheaded in 1076; Ancestor of all Scottish 2 CONT kings through a marriage of his daughter Matilda to David I. 1 FAMS @F188@ 1 FAMC @F189@ 0 @I413@ INDI 1 NAME Judith // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was a niece of William the Conqueror. 1 FAMS @F188@ 0 @I414@ INDI 1 NAME Earl /Siward/ 1 NAME called the /Strong/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1055 1 NOTE He was the grandfather of the wife of David I of Scotland. This Dane warrior 2 CONT in England became Earl of Northumbria by murdering his wife's uncle (1041), 2 CONT supported Edward the Confessor against Godwin (1051); invaded Scotland in the 2 CONT interest of kinsman Malcolm Canmore; routed King Macbeth (1054) and 2 CONT established Malcolm III as King of Cumbria. 1 FAMS @F189@ 0 @I415@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Earl/Siward/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her uncle(?) was murdered by her husband and became Earl of all Northumbria 2 CONT in 1041. 1 FAMS @F189@ 0 @I416@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd son of Malcolm I/MacDonald/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Male or female in unknown, as Malcolm II is merely listed as grandson of 2 CONT Malcolm I. 1 FAMS @F190@ 1 FAMC @F187@ 0 @I417@ INDI 1 NAME wife of 2nd son of Malcolm I/MacDonald/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F190@ 0 @I418@ INDI 1 NAME Edwin // 1 NAME later, Saint /Edwin/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 585 1 BAPM 2 DATE 627 2 PLAC converted to Christianity by Paulinus 1 DEAT 2 DATE 633 2 PLAC Hatfield 1 NOTE Edwin was expelled by Aethelfrith of Bernicia 616. Then, w/ Raedwald, King of 2 CONT East Anglia, Edwin defeated Aethelfrith and formed a united Northumbria in 616 2 CONT extending as far north as Edinburgh. Later, at Hatfield in 633, he was 2 CONT defeated and slain in battle against Cadwallon of North Wales and Penda of 2 CONT Mercia. After Edwin's death, Northumbria fell apart, and Christianity, for 2 CONT awhile, was extinguished in Northern England. Edwin was succeeded by his 2 CONT brother, Oswald. 1 FAMS @F192@ 1 FAMC @F191@ 0 @I419@ INDI 1 NAME Aella // 1 NAME or /Ella/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Deira 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 588 1 NOTE Upon his death, Deira was invaded by Aethelfrith of Bernicia. Infant son of 2 CONT Aella, Edwin, was taken to North Wales where he was raised. Later, Edwin lived 2 CONT in exile, from 616, in Iona. 1 FAMS @F191@ 0 @I420@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Aella/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F191@ 0 @I421@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelburh // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 676 1 NOTE She was the sister of Eadbald of Kent, and a Christian. So, Edwin converted 2 CONT to Christianity in 627 by Paulinus, whom Edwin made Archbishop of York in 625. 2 CONT Eadbald was king of Kent from 618-640. 1 FAMS @F192@ 1 FAMC @F195@ 0 @I424@ INDI 1 NAME Oswy // 1 NAME or /Oswui/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 670 1 NOTE He was King of Bernicia when older brother Oswald was killed. In 655, he 2 CONT defeated and killed King Penda of Mercia, gaining back the throne of 2 CONT Northumbria. While king, he gained supremacy over all Mercians, the south 2 CONT Angles, east angles, and east Saxons, as well as many Britons and Scots. He 2 CONT also presided at the Synod of Whitby, 664, a group which met to settle 2 CONT differences between Celtic and Roman Church customs; a group set up by the 2 CONT Church, meeting at a place in the Church. 1 FAMC @F191@ 0 @I425@ INDI 1 NAME John /de Baliol/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU English nobleman 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F194@ 0 @I426@ INDI 1 NAME wife of John/de Baliol/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F194@ 0 @I427@ INDI 1 NAME John /de Baliol/ 1 NAME also spelled /Balliol/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1250 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1314 1 NOTE When Margaret the Maid of Norway died in 1290, John became a competitor for 2 CONT the Scottish crown against Robert de Bruce VI (1210-1295). Edward was the 2 CONT arbitor in the dispute and chose in John's favor. Then King John, feeling his 2 CONT sovereighty was only minimal and resenting to indignities to which he was 2 CONT subjected, concluded an alliance with France which was at war with England. 2 CONT The English invaded Scotland and took Baliol prisoner and forced him to 2 CONT surrender his crown on July 10, 1296. 10 years Interregnum followed. 1 FAMC @F194@ 0 @I428@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelfrith // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Northumbria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 616 1 NOTE Anglo Saxon ruler who succeeded to the throne of Bernicia in 593, then that 2 CONT of Deira, becoming King of all Northumbria, known later as Northunderland; 2 CONT defeated Scottish King Aidan in 603 and was killed in battle with King 2 CONT Raedwald of East Anglia and Edwin in 616. 0 @I429@ INDI 1 NAME Ethelberht // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Kent 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 616 1 NOTE He received Augustine and other missionaries sent by Pope Gregory I in 597; 2 CONT issued 1st surviving Anglo-Saxon code of laws (604); extended rule repudedly 2 CONT to all Britain south of the Humber. 1 FAMS @F195@ 0 @I430@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ethelberht/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F195@ 0 @I431@ INDI 1 NAME Eadbald // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Kent 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 DATE DATE UNK 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE 640 1 NOTE On conversian to Christianity by Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury, he 2 CONT recalled the Christians he had Perscuted and built the Church of Canterbury. 1 FAMC @F195@ 0 @I432@ INDI 1 NAME Columba // 1 NAME Apostile of /Caledonia\Colun\Columcille/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Monk/Priest/Missionary 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 521 2 PLAC County Donegal, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 597 1 NOTE Scottish history is said to have started with the mission of St. Columba in 2 CONT 563. Columba was an Irishman of Noble birth who became a priest and a monk 2 CONT and settled in Iona to undertake conversions of heathen North Britain. 2 CONT Iona was a small kingdom of Dalriada founded by the race to which Columba 2 CONT belonged. The Scots came from Ireland, a Christian land from Roman times. 2 CONT Columba died in 597 leaving his most important work: the re-conversion of the 2 CONT North of England to Christianity. His feast day is June 9th. 1 FAMC @F196@ 0 @I433@ INDI 1 NAME father of /Columba/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Irish Nobleman 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Columba's father was a kinsman of princes then reigning in Ireland and 2 CONT western Scotland. Columba studied under St. Finnian (468?-549?) at Clonard. 2 CONT About 522, Columba established Durrow Monastery, and, about 546, he founded 2 CONT Derry, later the city of Londonderry. The monastery is now in county Offaly, 2 CONT Ireland. 1 FAMS @F196@ 0 @I434@ INDI 1 NAME mother of /Columba/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The mother of Columba was from royal blood herself, along with her husband. 2 CONT Her son, Columba, set out in 563, age 42, with 12 disciples and established a 2 CONT community on the Island of Iona on the west coast of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F196@ 0 @I435@ INDI 1 NAME John of /Lancaster/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Lancaster 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1389 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1435 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of Henry IV. 1 FAMC @F61@ 0 @I436@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 NAME Joan of the/Tower/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort of Scotland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1321 2 PLAC Tower of London 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1362 1 NOTE She shared her husband's exile in France 1334-1341. After David's defeat and 2 CONT capture in England in 1346, she made repeated efforts to obtain his release 2 CONT from prison 1346-1357. 1 FAMS @F197@ 1 FAMC @F55@ 0 @I437@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine of /Braganzo/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1638 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1705 1 NOTE She was a Protuguese princes, and Charles II married her for her large dowry. 1 FAMS @F198@ 1 FAMC @F199@ 0 @I438@ INDI 1 NAME John IV // 1 NAME the /Fortunate/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE C MAR 18 1604 2 PLAC Vila Vicosa, Portugal 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 06 1656 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 NOTE He proclaimed himself king after driving out the Spanish usurpers in 1640 and 2 CONT finally routing them at the Battle of Montijo in 1644. John, the 1st of the 2 CONT Braganza kings, by careful adminstration, succeeded in restoring Portugal to 2 CONT a respected place in Europe. He became king as result of the national 2 CONT revolution, or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. 1 FAMS @F199@ 0 @I439@ INDI 1 NAME Leonor // 1 NAME Luisa /de Guzman/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE This queen and her husband governed through a royal council and a committee 2 CONT of the Cortes (Parliament), the Board of Three Estates, and instituted the 2 CONT Overseas Council. Apparently, not clear, her birth name was Luisa de Guzman, 2 CONT the daughter of the Spanish duke of Medina Sidonia. The Braganca duchy, 2 CONT founded in 1461 by Alfonso, son of John II, was a collateral of the extinct 2 CONT royal house of Aviz. When the restorers of independence overthrew the Spanish 2 CONT governor on December 1, 1640, they offered John the crown. 1 FAMS @F199@ 0 @I440@ INDI 1 NAME Alfanso /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 21 1643 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 12 1683 2 PLAC Sintra, Portugal 1 NOTE In 1662, he expelled the Queen regent from his court. Paralized from the age 2 CONT of 3, and feebleminded, he was deposed in 1667 and exiled to the Anzores by 2 CONT his brother, later Peter II, in 1667, who acted as regent 'til Alfanso died 2 CONT in 1683, then succeeded him to the crown. 1 FAMS @F740@ 1 FAMC @F199@ 0 @I441@ INDI 1 NAME Peter II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 26 1648 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 09 1706 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 NOTE Pedro, later Peter II, dethroned his feebleminded brother Alfanso VI in 1667 2 CONT and became regent 'til 1683. They were brothers of Catherine who married 2 CONT Charles II of Great Britain. He concluded peace with Spain, improved 2 CONT Portugal's financial condition, and negotiated commercial treaty with England 2 CONT in 1703. In the last years of the 17th century, the goldfields of Brazil 2 CONT provided Peter with great wealth and enabled him to govern without seeking 2 CONT revenues from the Cortes after 1697. Peter died in the midst of war. 1 FAMS @F200@ 1 FAMS @F201@ 1 FAMC @F199@ 0 @I442@ INDI 1 NAME Marie-Francoise of /Savoy-Nemours/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1683 1 FAMS @F200@ 1 FAMS @F740@ 0 @I443@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Sophia of/Neuberg/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F201@ 0 @I444@ INDI 1 NAME Francis /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 12 1494 2 PLAC Cognoc, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 31 1547 2 PLAC Rambouilet, France 1 NOTE He succeeded Louis XII, the last of the Orleanist branch in 1515. Francis 2 CONT represented the Angouleme branch of the Valois dynasty. No one in his life had 2 CONT as much power over him as his mother and his sister, for they adored him as 2 CONT he grew up in the house of his mother without disclipline, and was more 2 CONT nfatutued with chivalrous romances, songs and violent exercise than 2 CONT classical studies. He pleased the people of Paris who had been disheartened 2 CONT by a long succession of morose and sickly sovereigns. 1 FAMS @F203@ 1 FAMS @F202@ 1 FAMC @F204@ 0 @I445@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Eleanor was betrothed to Francis by proxy as part of a treaty. She was a widow 2 CONT of the king of Portugal and the sister of Charles I of Spain, aka Charles V, 2 CONT the Holy Roman Emperor. Francis, then imprisoned, suffering from migranes, 2 CONT old war wounds & a newly contracted siphilis, struck down by a new absess in 2 CONT his head, his people, loyal in bad times as in good, prayed for him. The 2 CONT wedding to Eleanor was to seal the reconciliation of the two rulers and was 2 CONT to follow the execution of the treaty between Francis I & Charles I of Spain. 1 FAMS @F697@ 1 FAMS @F202@ 1 FAMC @F207@ 0 @I446@ INDI 1 NAME Claude // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1499 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1524 2 PLAC followed by death of her 2nd daughter 1 NOTE She was the 15-year-old daughter of Louis XII, King of France. She bore Louis 2 CONT a child each year after the birth of Louise, although she was frail, gentle 2 CONT and pious. In the meantime, Louis loved the dark-haired comtesse de 2 CONT Chateaubriant, without foregoing nocturnal escapades with his childhood 2 CONT companions, who had become his ministers and his favorites. He traveled 2 CONT constantly on horseback becoming familiar with "everything" while touring 2 CONT France, until trouble, in the name of Charles I of Spain, at war with France. 1 FAMS @F203@ 1 FAMC @F503@ 0 @I447@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /de Valois-Orleans/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Comte d' Angouleme 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1496 1 FAMS @F204@ 0 @I448@ INDI 1 NAME Louise of /Savoy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess d 'Angouleme 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1476 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1531 2 PLAC died of the plague 1 FAMS @F204@ 1 FAMC @F434@ 0 @I449@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Angouleme/ 1 NAME Margaret of /Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 11 1492 2 PLAC Angouleme, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 21 1549 2 PLAC Odos-Bigorre, France 1 NOTE She was active in politics and a supporter of Protestantism, but inclined to 2 CONT mystism; a friend of literature and protector of Humanist Reformers; her 2 CONT court at Nerac and Pau most brilliant intellectually in Europe at that time. 1 FAMS @F205@ 1 FAMS @F387@ 1 FAMC @F204@ 0 @I450@ INDI 1 NAME Charles IV duc/d'Alencon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Du d'Alencon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1489 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1525 1 FAMS @F205@ 0 @I452@ INDI 1 NAME Philip /I/ 1 NAME Philip of /Burgundy/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1478 2 PLAC Bruges, Flanders (Belgium) 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1506 1 NOTE He became the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. 1 FAMS @F207@ 1 FAMC @F297@ 0 @I453@ INDI 1 NAME Joan the /Mad/ 1 NAME Joanna the /Mad/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 06 1479 2 PLAC Toledo, Castile (Spain) 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 11 1555 2 PLAC Tordesillas, Spain 1 NOTE Started going insane in 1502, and finally lost her reason at the death of her 2 CONT husband Philip who died suddenly intensifying her melancholia, refusing to 2 CONT leave her dead husband's embalmed body. Her father returned to take over 2 CONT regency and from 1509 she lived under guard at Tordesillas. Later, her son 2 CONT Charles V took control. Yet, she remained legally Queen of Spain almost all of 2 CONT his long rule. 1 FAMS @F207@ 1 FAMC @F294@ 0 @I454@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /I/ 1 NAME Charles V, Holy Roman/Emperor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1516-1556 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 24 1500 2 PLAC Ghent, later Belgium 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 21 1558 2 PLAC San Jeronimo de Yuste, Spain 1 REFN See #653 1 NOTE He fought a losing battle to keep his Roman Catholic Empire together in the 2 CONT face of Protestantism. He was Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman 2 CONT Emperor and King of Germany (1520). He abdicated his Spainish claim to son 2 CONT Philip II and the Holy Roman Empire to brother Ferdinand, retiring to a 2 CONT monastery. Originally, he inherited a Spanish/Habsburg empire that extended 2 CONT 'cross Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria & the kingdom of 2 CONT Naples, and, on into Spanish America. Note: Spain included Sicily. 1 FAMS @F374@ 1 FAMC @F207@ 0 @I455@ INDI 1 NAME Charles IV // 1 NAME Charles of Luxembourg,/Wenceslas/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Holy Roman Emperor 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 14 1316 2 PLAC Prague 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 29 1378 2 PLAC Prague 1 BURI 2 PLAC St. Vitus' Cathedral 1 REFN See #1757 1 NOTE He was elected King of Germany in 1346 in opposition to excommunicated Louis 2 CONT IV; succeeded as King of Bohemia in 1347. He was Holy Roman Emperor as 2 CONT Charles IV who was one of the most learned and diplomatically skilled 2 CONT soverigns of his time. He gained more through diplomacy than others did by 2 CONT war, and through purchases, marriages, and inheritances, he enlarged his 2 CONT dynasty power. Under Charles's rule, Prague became the political, economic, 2 CONT and cultural centre of the Holy Roman Empire, and, eventully, its capital. 1 FAMS @F208@ 1 FAMS @F808@ 1 FAMC @F209@ 0 @I456@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort of Charles 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her husband Charles was a medium-sized man, black-haired and broad-faced, 2 CONT with a habitual stoop, who was a generous patron of the arts and science, and 2 CONT ardently supported church building and the establishment of the charitable 2 CONT institutions. He was interested in the early Humanism, which especially came 2 CONT to influence his government, and was also influential in the development of 2 CONT the German written language. He also founded the first university in central 2 CONT Europe in 1348. 1 FAMS @F208@ 1 FAMC @F516@ 0 @I458@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the sister of the last native king of Bohemia. 1 FAMS @F209@ 0 @I459@ INDI 1 NAME Christian /VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU KIng of Denmark 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1786 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1848 1 NOTE Dispatched to Norway as viceroy in 1813, he was chosen king of Norway in May 2 CONT of 1814, after the Norwegians had rejected the Treaty of Kiel, whice ceded 2 CONT Norway to Sweden. The Swedish army invaded Norway, and in November the 2 CONT legislature agreed on the transfer of the Crown to Charles XIII of Sweden. 2 CONT Christian was succeeded by his son, Frederick VII, the last of the direct 2 CONT line of the Oldenburg dynasty. 1 FAMS @F210@ 0 @I460@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Christain/VIII/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F210@ 0 @I461@ INDI 1 NAME Karl Wilhelm /Frederick/ 1 NAME Charles William /Frederick/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Brunswick 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1735 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1806 2 PLAC Auerstadt, wounded mortally in battle 1 NOTE He distinguished himself as a soldier in Prussian service, becoming a 2 CONT favorite of Frederick II. 1 FAMS @F211@ 0 @I462@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Karl Wilhelm/Frederick/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F211@ 0 @I463@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Alfred/ 1 NAME Alfred Earnest /Albert/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Edinburgh 1866-93 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1844 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1900 1 NOTE He was offered the Crown of Greece but refused. He was the 2nd son and 4th 2 CONT child of Victoria (of 9 total). 1 FAMS @F212@ 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I464@ INDI 1 NAME Grand Duchess Marie/Alexandrovna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Alexander II of Russia and had four children. 1 FAMS @F212@ 0 @I465@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Arthur/ 1 NAME Arthur William Patrick/Albert/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Connaught 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1850 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1942 1 NOTE The 3rd son of Victoria, he was a Prince and a soldier; created the Duke of 2 CONT Connaught and Strathearn in 1874. 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I466@ INDI 1 NAME Francis /Frederick/ 1 NAME Duke /Francis/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke Francis 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F213@ 0 @I467@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Francis/Frederick/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F213@ 0 @I468@ INDI 1 NAME Marie // 1 NAME Marie Alexander /Victoria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1875 2 PLAC Kent 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1938 1 NOTE She excercised a strong influence upon Romanian Politics. Two of her 2 CONT daughters became Queens of Greece and Yugoslavia, respectively. Her eldest 2 CONT son became King Carol II of Romania. 1 FAMS @F214@ 1 FAMC @F212@ 0 @I469@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria /Melita/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F217@ 1 FAMC @F212@ 0 @I470@ INDI 1 NAME Princess /Alexandra/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F212@ 0 @I471@ INDI 1 NAME Beatrice // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F218@ 1 FAMC @F212@ 0 @I472@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Romania 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1927 1 NOTE He was adopted by his uncle, King Carol I of Romania, because the king had no 2 CONT heirs (1889). Ferdinand would succeed his uncle (Carol I) in 1914. 1 FAMS @F214@ 1 FAMC @F219@ 0 @I473@ INDI 1 NAME Leopold /I/ 1 NAME Georges Chretien /Frederick/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Belgium 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1790 2 PLAC Coburg, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1865 1 NOTE He fought in the Russian army in his youth. He was succeeded by his son, 2 CONT Leopold II, a son by his 2nd wife. Earlier, he had refused the Greek throne. 2 CONT He was the youngest son of Duke Francis. He was the first king of an 2 CONT independent Belgium. 1 FAMS @F215@ 1 FAMS @F440@ 1 FAMC @F213@ 0 @I475@ INDI 1 NAME Leopold II // 1 NAME Louis Philippe Marie/Victor/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Belgium 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1835 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1909 1 NOTE He succeeded his father, Leopold I in 1865. 1 FAMS @F441@ 1 FAMC @F440@ 0 @I476@ INDI 1 NAME Cyril of /Russia/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F217@ 0 @I477@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was "infante", or the youngest heir to the throne, of Spain. 1 FAMS @F218@ 0 @I478@ INDI 1 NAME Leopold of /Hohenzollen-Sigmaringen/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1835 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1905 1 FAMS @F219@ 1 FAMC @F220@ 0 @I479@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Leopold of/Hohenzollen-S/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F219@ 0 @I480@ INDI 1 NAME father of Leopold of/H-S/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F220@ 0 @I481@ INDI 1 NAME mother of Leopold of/H-S/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F220@ 0 @I482@ INDI 1 NAME Carol /I/ 1 NAME Karl Eitel /Friedrich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Romania 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1839 2 PLAC Sigmaringen, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1914 1 NOTE He was the first King of Romania and a Prince from 1866-1881, born of the 2 CONT house of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. 1 FAMC @F220@ 0 @I485@ INDI 1 NAME Carol II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Romania 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1893 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1953 1 NOTE In 1925, he renounced right to succeed to the throne, deserted his 2nd wife 2 CONT and went to Paris to live in exile with Magda Lupescu. After formally 2 CONT divorcing the 2nd wife, he returned to Romania in 1930 and unseated his son 2 CONT King Michael from the throne, but in 1940, Carol II was driven from the 2 CONT throne by German influences, and he fled to Spain. He was the eldest son of 2 CONT Ferdinand I. 1 FAMS @F223@ 1 FAMS @F222@ 1 FAMC @F214@ 0 @I486@ INDI 1 NAME Helen of /Greece/ 1 NAME Princess Helen of/Greece/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F222@ 0 @I487@ INDI 1 NAME ZiZi /Lambrino/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE This marriage was a morganatic one, and Carol divorced her to marry Helen of 2 CONT Greece. 1 FAMS @F223@ 0 @I488@ INDI 1 NAME Michael // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Romania 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE See message under Carol II. 1 FAMC @F222@ 0 @I489@ INDI 1 NAME Ernest /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1784 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1844 1 NOTE He was Duke of Saalfeld as Ernest III from 1806-1826 and Duke of Gotha from 2 CONT 1826-1844. 1 FAMS @F224@ 1 FAMC @F213@ 0 @I490@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ernest/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F224@ 0 @I492@ INDI 1 NAME Ernest II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1818 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1893 1 FAMC @F224@ 0 @I495@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King consort/Maria II 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 29 1816 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 15 1885 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 NOTE Well educated and versed in music and art, Ferdinand did much to foster the 2 CONT arts in his adopted country and tried to give a rigorous but broad education 2 CONT to all his children, as did his wife, Maria. When Maria died in childbirth, 2 CONT Ferdinand acted as regent for two years until Peter V came of age. 1 FAMS @F745@ 1 FAMC @F224@ 0 @I497@ INDI 1 NAME Duke Auguste /Leuchtenberg/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1835 1 FAMS @F746@ 0 @I498@ INDI 1 NAME Peter /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 16 1837 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 11 1861 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal, of typhoid fever 1 NOTE While Peter was under regency of his father from 1853-1855, he traveled 2 CONT Europe. He carefully studied internal problems, from the railroads to the 2 CONT military organization, and left the politicians in no doubt as to his views. 2 CONT He never recovered from the death of his bride of one year. Epidemics of 2 CONT cholera and yellow fever recurred in Portugal, and he worked assiduously to 2 CONT provide relief. In October 1861, he fell ill with typhoid fever, and he and a 2 CONT younger brother died in November of 1861, succeeded by brother Louis. 1 FAMS @F230@ 1 FAMC @F745@ 0 @I499@ INDI 1 NAME Stephanie of /Hohenzollern/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1859 1 FAMS @F230@ 0 @I500@ INDI 1 NAME Louis // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 31 1838 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 19 1889 2 PLAC Cascais, Portugal 1 NOTE Succeeding his brother, Peter V, he attempted various reforms, such as freeing 2 CONT the slaves in Portugese colonies. There was smooth operation of the 2 CONT constitutional system, the completion of the railway network, the adoption of 2 CONT of economic and political reforms, and the modernization of many aspects of 2 CONT of Portuguese life. For awhile, the question of the Spanish succession caused 2 CONT a crisis when Napoleon III favored King Louis or his father Ferdinand. Other 2 CONT talents of Louis included the translation of Shakespeare, etc into Portuguese. 1 FAMS @F231@ 1 FAMC @F745@ 0 @I501@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Pia of/Savoy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BURI 2 PLAC Princess 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the king of Italy at that time, Victor Emmanuel II. 1 FAMS @F231@ 1 FAMC @F415@ 0 @I502@ INDI 1 NAME Alice Maud /Mary/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1843 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1878 1 NOTE She was the 2nd daughter of Victoria. 1 FAMS @F232@ 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I503@ INDI 1 NAME Louis IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F232@ 0 @I504@ INDI 1 NAME Alexandra // 1 NAME Victoria Helene Luise/Beatrix/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1872 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1918 2 PLAC Ekaterinburg, killed by Bolsheviks 1 NOTE Superstitious and pious, she caused scandals by her relations with religious 2 CONT fanatic Rasputin; ruled arbitrarily during Nicolas's absence at the war front 2 CONT in 1915, then, in 1917, she and her entire family were taken prisoner by the 2 CONT Bolsheviks, and killed in 1918. Her name was originally Alix, but she changed 2 CONT it to Alexandra when she converted to Russian Orthodoxy. 1 FAMS @F233@ 1 FAMC @F232@ 0 @I505@ INDI 1 NAME Nicholas II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 18 1868 2 PLAC Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin) 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 16/17 1918 2 PLAC Ekaterinburg, killed by Bolsheviks 1 NOTE He was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III. Forced to abdicate in March 2 CONT 1917, he and his entire family were held prisoner by the Bolsheviks and 2 CONT executed at Ekaterinburg on July 16/17, 1918. Thus ended the last bloodline of 2 CONT Czars or Russian Emperors dating back to 1543. Communism would spread 2 CONT throughout an empire known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. That 2 CONT empire would crumble with the felling of the "Berlin Wall" in 1989, because a 2 CONT bankrupt Societ Union (USSR) simply ran out of money. A new Russia emerged. 1 FAMS @F233@ 1 FAMC @F234@ 0 @I506@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander III // 1 NAME Aleksandr /Aleksandrovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1845 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1894 1 NOTE Son of Alexander II who was assassinated, he, in reaction to the killing of 2 CONT his father, restored much of the absolutism of the reign of Nicholas I and 2 CONT sternly repressed all revolutionary agitation by imposing the Russian 2 CONT language on all his subjects, persecuted the Jews, and restricted education. 1 FAMS @F234@ 1 FAMC @F235@ 0 @I507@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Fyodorovna/ 1 NAME Dagmar // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Christian IX of Denmark. 1 FAMS @F234@ 0 @I508@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor/Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1818 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1881 2 PLAC St. Petersburg 1 NOTE Repressive measures following several assassination attempts increased 2 CONT unrest. Repression reached heights under Count Loris-Melikov; activity of 2 CONT Nihilist and terrorist increased 1879-1881. Then, Alexander was assassinated 2 CONT by a bomb in St. Petersburg (Russia). 1 FAMS @F235@ 1 FAMS @F236@ 1 FAMC @F241@ 0 @I509@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Alexandrovna/ 1 NAME Marie // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1880 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Grand Duke Louis II of Hesse-Darnstadt. 1 FAMS @F235@ 0 @I510@ INDI 1 NAME Yekaterina /Dolgorukaya/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F236@ 0 @I511@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick III // 1 NAME Frederick // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Germany 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 18 1831 2 PLAC Potsdam, Prussia 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 15 1888 2 PLAC Potsdam, Prussia 1 NOTE He was King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany from March 9 - June 15, 1888 2 CONT after succeeding his father, for he died after reigning 3 months, with his 2 CONT son, William II succeeding him. 99 days' reign, during which time he was a 2 CONT voiceless invalid, dying of throat cancer. Although influenced by liberal, 2 CONT constitutional, and middle-class ideas, he retained a strong sense of the 2 CONT Hohenzollern royal and imperial dignity. His only significant official act 2 CONT was to dismiss von Puttkamer, minister of interior, an extreme conservative. 1 FAMS @F237@ 1 FAMC @F595@ 0 @I512@ INDI 1 NAME William II // 1 NAME Fredrich Wilhelm Viktor/Albert/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Kaiser of Germany 1888+ 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 27 1859 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 14 1941 2 PLAC Doorn, Netherlands 1 BURI 2 PLAC Germany 1 NOTE His father only reigned for 3 months, and he succeeded him to power. At the 2 CONT end of WW I, on November 10, a day before the Armistice was signed, he fled 2 CONT Germany and went to Holland to spend his remaining years in seclusion at 2 CONT Doorn Castle in the Netherlands. He remarried when his first wife died in 2 CONT 1921. Later, when he died on June 4, 1941, he was buried with full military 2 CONT honors ordered by Hitler. Note: "Kaiser" means German emperor. Thus ends the 2 CONT Prussian/German monarchs, followed by the Weimar Republic & The Third Reich. 1 FAMS @F238@ 1 FAMS @F240@ 1 FAMC @F237@ 0 @I513@ INDI 1 NAME Augusta /Victoria/ 1 NAME Princess of /Schleswig-Holstein/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress/Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1858 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1921 1 NOTE She was a plain, unimaginative person with few intellectual interests and no 2 CONT talents, who bored her husband and encouraged his reactionary tendencies but 2 CONT all the same represented a point of stability in his life with six sons and a 2 CONT daughter. He was born with a damaged left arm; the limb never grew to 2 CONT full size, and some historians have found a clue to his behaviour in this 2 CONT disability. His father's lack of stamina to dominate was certainly not shared 2 CONT by his mother, as her intellect was hopelessly at the mercy of her feelings. 1 FAMS @F238@ 0 @I514@ INDI 1 NAME Hermine // 1 NAME Princess of /Schonaich-Carolath/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1887 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1947 1 FAMS @F240@ 0 @I515@ INDI 1 NAME Nicholas /I/ 1 NAME Nikolay /Pavlovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor/Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1796 2 PLAC Tsarskoye Selo (Puskin) 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1855 1 NOTE On death of his older brother, Nicholas came to the throne after suppressing 2 CONT the Decembrist revolt, staged by reform-minded army officers who favored the 2 CONT accession of his brother Constantine. His domestic policy was autocratic and 2 CONT his foreign policy agressive. His designs upon Constantinople provoked war 2 CONT with Turkey (1853) into which other European powers were drawn (the Crimean 2 CONT War, 1854-1856). He succeeded brother Alexander I in 1825. 1 FAMS @F241@ 1 FAMC @F242@ 0 @I516@ INDI 1 NAME Alexandra of /Prussia/ 1 NAME Princess Charlotte of/Prussia/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F241@ 0 @I517@ INDI 1 NAME Paul /I/ 1 NAME Pavel /Petrovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor/Czar on Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1754 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1801 2 PLAC Assassinated 1 NOTE Son of Catherine the Great, he reversed many of Catherine's policies and 2 CONT provoked hostility of the nobility and the army. In the end, he was 2 CONT assassinated, succeeded by his son Alexander I. 1 FAMS @F242@ 1 FAMC @F245@ 0 @I518@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Paul/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F242@ 0 @I519@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander /I/ 1 NAME Alelsandr /Pavlovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1777 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1825 1 REFN *See #1896 1 NOTE He was placed on the throne by conspiracy against Paul and began reign with 2 CONT ideas for sweeping reforms. Later, he helped destroy Napolean's army in 2 CONT retreat. He was succeeded by his brother Nicolas. *From May 3, 1815, the 2 CONT Congress of Poland was created as part of the political settlement at the end 2 CONT of the Napoleonic wars. From this point in time, Poland was ruled by Russian 2 CONT Czars until its loss in World War I, the Czars of Russia ruling as kings of 2 CONT Poland, thus ending the monarchy of Poland. Alexander I was the first as such. 1 FAMS @F244@ 1 FAMC @F242@ 0 @I520@ INDI 1 NAME Constantine // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F242@ 0 @I521@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1870 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1932 1 FAMS @F243@ 1 FAMC @F237@ 0 @I522@ INDI 1 NAME Constantine /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Greece 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1868 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1923 1 NOTE He was king from 1913-1917 and from 1920-1922, son of George I, King of 2 CONT Greece. He was succeeded by his son, George II. 1 FAMS @F243@ 0 @I523@ INDI 1 NAME Louise /Marie/ 1 NAME Princess Elisabeth of/Baden/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F244@ 0 @I524@ INDI 1 NAME Peter III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1728 2 PLAC Kiel, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 17 1762 2 PLAC murdererd 1 NOTE In 1741, after the death of his father, he was adopted by an aunt, Empress 2 CONT Elizabeth Petrovna. On his accession in 1762, Russia was at war with Prussia 2 CONT under Frederick II, whom Peter greatly admired and quickly signed a treaty, 2 CONT sacrificing all the late Russian gains. This antagonized many Russian nobles 2 CONT and on July 9, 1762, the Imperial Guards overthrew him and placed Catherine 2 CONT on the throne of his stead. Peter, normally erratic, unstable & contemptuous 2 CONT of his Russian subjects, was forced to abdicate, then murdered on July 17th. 1 FAMS @F245@ 1 FAMC @F246@ 0 @I525@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine the /Great/ 1 NAME Catherine II // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 02 1729 2 PLAC Stetlin (later Szczecin, Poland) 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 17 1796 2 PLAC Saint Petersburg 1 NOTE Original name: Sophie Fredericke Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst, the daughter of a 2 CONT minor German Prince. She continued the process of Westernization begun by 2 CONT Peter I. Her marriage was unhappy, but she built up a circle of supporters. 10 2 CONT men occupied roles of lovers and favorites during her reign. Two were Grigory 2 CONT Orlov and Grigory Potenkin. Though German, she completely identified herself 2 CONT with Russian People. She greatly expanded the empire with 2 wars against the 2 CONT Ottoman empire, and the annexation of the Crimea in 1783. 1 FAMS @F245@ 0 @I526@ INDI 1 NAME Charles Frederick of/Holstein-Gottorp/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F246@ 0 @I527@ INDI 1 NAME Anna // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was daughter of Peter I of Russia, and her son, Alexis, would become 2 CONT Peter III. 1 FAMS @F246@ 1 FAMC @F247@ 0 @I528@ INDI 1 NAME Peter the /Great/ 1 NAME Peter I, or Pyotr/Alekseyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 09 1672 2 PLAC Moskow, Russia 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1725 1 NOTE Ruled Jointly with half brother 1682-1689. Peter's military campaigns and 2 CONT modernization efforts transformed Russia into an empire to be reckoned with 2 CONT in European affairs. During his reign, the Russian alphabet was simplified, 2 CONT arabic numerals were introduced, the first newspaper in the Russian language 2 CONT was published, schools were founded and an Academy of Sciences was 2 CONT established. 1 FAMS @F247@ 1 FAMS @F248@ 1 FAMC @F251@ 0 @I529@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /I/ 1 NAME Marta /Skaoronskaya/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1682 2 PLAC Jakobstadt (Jekabpils, Latvia) 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1727 1 NOTE She was of peasant origin and orphaned. She was taken prisoner by a Russian 2 CONT commander and sold to an advisor to Peter, becoming his mistress and most 2 CONT influential counselor. Peter, having divorced his first wife in 1699, married 2 CONT Catherine in 1712. Catherine was shrewd and courageous; In time, succeeding 2 CONT Peter as Empress of Russia having been crowned Empress-consort 1724. They 2 CONT would have 8 children, with 2 of them surviving: Anna and Elizabeth Petrovna, 2 CONT later Empress 1741-1762. 1 FAMS @F247@ 0 @I530@ INDI 1 NAME Eudoxia /Lopukhina/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F248@ 0 @I531@ INDI 1 NAME Alexis // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1690 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1718 1 NOTE Peter's son by his first wife, but Alexis died before he could claim the 2 CONT crown. Alexis' son, later Peter III, did lay claim, but when Peter I died in 2 CONT 1725, Catherine succeeded her husband, becoming Empress of Russia. He was 2 CONT suspected of a role in conspiracy to suppland Peter, and was seized, 2 CONT condemned to death, and tortuered, but died before his scheduled execution. 1 FAMS @F250@ 1 FAMC @F248@ 0 @I532@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Alexis/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F250@ 0 @I533@ INDI 1 NAME Peter II // 1 NAME Pyotr /Alekseyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1715 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1730 1 NOTE Succeeded Catherine I in 1727, crowned 1728, and fell into the influence of 2 CONT the Dolgoruky family and was bethrothed to one of its members. But, on the 2 CONT day set for the wedding, Peter II died. 1 FAMC @F250@ 0 @I534@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /Pedrovna/ 1 NAME Yelizaveta /Petrovna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1709 2 PLAC near Moscow 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1762 1 NOTE Gained throne by overthrowing the government of Anna Leoplodovna acting 2 CONT regent for her infant son Ivan VI. She went on to free Russia from German 2 CONT dominance, founded the University of Moscow in 1755, and the Academy of Fine 2 CONT arts at St. Petersburg in 1758, as well as building Winter Palace there. She 2 CONT named her nephew, Peter III, to succeed her. 1 FAMC @F247@ 0 @I535@ INDI 1 NAME Alexis /I/ 1 NAME Alexis /Miklailovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1629 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1676 1 NOTE He succeeded his father, Michael (1596-1645), as the 2nd Czar of the house of 2 CONT Romonov and found the 1st 10 years of his reign (1645-55) a stormy period of 2 CONT internal troubles and insurrections. 1 FAMS @F252@ 1 FAMS @F251@ 1 FAMC @F256@ 0 @I536@ INDI 1 NAME Natalya /Kirillovna/ 1 NAME Naryshkina // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Czar consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1651 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1694 1 NOTE The daughter of a nobleman, she was educated in the western manner. 1 FAMS @F251@ 0 @I537@ INDI 1 NAME Alexis /Nikoloyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czarevitch 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1905 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1918 2 PLAC Ekaterinburg, killed by Bolsheviks 1 NOTE He was the only son of Nicholas II and youngest child. He, too, was executed 2 CONT with his sisters and parents in 1918. Also executed were 4 members of the 2 CONT houshold (?). 1 FAMC @F233@ 0 @I538@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of Alexis/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F252@ 0 @I539@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia // 1 NAME Sofya /Alekseyevna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Regent of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1657 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1704 1 NOTE Sophia instigated an uprising amongst the Streltsy (household troops) who 2 CONT murdered the supporters of her half brother Peter (later Peter I), then 2 CONT installed her brother Ivan V as Czar after brother Czar Fyodor had died in 2 CONT 1682, acting in regency for Ivan V and Peter I made co-rulers during 2 CONT 1682-1689. She placed Peter in a convent at Moscow in 1689, but she was later 2 CONT imprisoned (from 1698) on suspicion of again inciting rebellion among the 2 CONT Steltsy. 1 FAMC @F252@ 0 @I540@ INDI 1 NAME Fyodor III // 1 NAME Fyodor /Alekseyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1661 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1682 1 NOTE He was Czar from 1676-1682, but the government was actually under the control 2 CONT at first by uncle Ivan B. Miloslavsky, then by coutiers I. M. Yazykov and A.T. 2 CONT Likhachev who introduced Western culture. Sill later, after 1681, by 2 CONT Vasily V. Golitsyn, who instituted military reforms. Fyodor died childless 2 CONT and was succeeded by his brother IVan V and half brother Peter I under 2 CONT regency of sister Sophia. 1 FAMC @F252@ 0 @I541@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan /V/ 1 NAME Ivan /Alskseyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Co-Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1666 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1696 1 NOTE He was made co-ruler with his half brother Peter I from 1682-1689 by his 2 CONT sister Sophia, who acted as regent during that period (she actually ruled 2 CONT Russia during those years). Mentally and physically weak, his affairs were 2 CONT completely administered by Sophia. He became purely a figurehead in 1689 when 2 CONT Sophia was overthrown. 1 FAMS @F253@ 1 FAMC @F252@ 0 @I542@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ivan/V/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F253@ 0 @I543@ INDI 1 NAME Anna /Ivanovna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1693 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1740 1 NOTE As the younger daughter of Ivan V and niece of Peter I, she was elected to 2 CONT the throne by Supreme Privy Council under conditions practically vitialing 2 CONT her authority, then foiled council by abolishing it. She surrounded herself 2 CONT with German favorites, esp. Biron, Osterman, & Munnich; countenanced severly 2 CONT repressive regime. Her great-nephew, Ivan VI, was secured succession. 1 FAMC @F253@ 0 @I544@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles/Leopold/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F254@ 1 FAMC @F253@ 0 @I545@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /Leopold/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F254@ 0 @I546@ INDI 1 NAME Anna /Leopoldovna/ 1 NAME Elisabeth Katharina /Christine/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Regent of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1718 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1746 1 NOTE Following the arrest of Biron, she was named regent 1740-1741 of her infant 2 CONT son Ivan VI. Later, she was imprisoned with her husband and son after Ivan's 2 CONT deposition by Elizabeth, younger daughter of Peter I. 1 FAMS @F255@ 1 FAMC @F254@ 0 @I547@ INDI 1 NAME Anthony /Ulrich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Brunswick 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1714 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1776 1 FAMS @F255@ 0 @I548@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan /VI/ 1 NAME Ivan /Antonovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1740 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1764 1 NOTE Although only 8 weeks old upon the death of his aunt Anna Ivanovna whom he 2 CONT was named to succeed her as Czar of Russia, he was proclaimed Czar of Russia 2 CONT under regency of Biron, but was forced to abdicate after Biron was overthrown 2 CONT by Elizabeth, younger daughter of Peter I. He was kept imprisoned for the 2 CONT rest of his life. 1 FAMC @F255@ 0 @I549@ INDI 1 NAME Michael // 1 NAME Mikhail /Fyodorovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1596 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1645 1 NOTE Michael was the first Czar of the house of Romanov, son of Patriarch Philaret 2 CONT (cousin of Czar Theodore I). Philaret co-ruled with Michael from 1619-1633. 2 CONT Michael called in experts from other lands to improve the army and the 2 CONT country's industrial methods. He also advanced Russian power in Siberian 2 CONT regions. 1 FAMS @F256@ 1 FAMC @F257@ 0 @I550@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Michael/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Czar consort/Michael 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F256@ 0 @I551@ INDI 1 NAME Philaert // 1 NAME Patririarch Philaret Fydor/Nikilich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Co-Czar w/Michael/Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1553 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1633 1 NOTE Cousin to Czar Theodore and father to Czar Michael, he was force by Czar 2 CONT Boris Godunov to take monastic vows under the name of Philaret c1601. He 2 CONT reformed church administration, established divinity colleges in each 2 CONT diocese, minimized Roman Catholic influence and sponsered legislation to 2 CONT reform the tax structure, and, he reorganized the army. He became co-ruler 2 CONT with Michael, his son, from 1619-1633. He was called Fyodor, before Boris 2 CONT ordered him to take Monastic vows under the name on Philaert in 1601. 1 FAMS @F257@ 1 FAMC @F258@ 0 @I552@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Philaert/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F257@ 0 @I553@ INDI 1 NAME Nikita Romananovich /Yuriev/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1584 1 NOTE See Boris Godunov, #563. Note: The blood line ends here, going all the way to 2 CONT 1918. Even though the records will say that Michael was a grandnephew to Ivan 2 CONT IV the Terrible, they were not blood related, but related by marrage only 2 CONT through a sister of an ancestor. 1 FAMS @F258@ 1 FAMC @F259@ 0 @I554@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Nikita Romananvich/Yuriev/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F258@ 0 @I555@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Romanov/Yuriev/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F259@ 0 @I556@ INDI 1 NAME Romanov /Yuriev/ 1 NAME Roman /Yurev/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1543 1 NOTE Romanov was the name of a Russian dynasty started with Czar Michael in 1613. 2 CONT The family originated with a German nobleman named Andew Kobyla who emigrated 2 CONT during the 14th century to Moscow at Russian court. One member, Roman Yurev, 2 CONT taking the name Romanov, the father of Anastasia and Nikita. 1 FAMS @F259@ 0 @I557@ INDI 1 NAME Anastasia /Romanovna/ 1 NAME Anastasiya // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Czar consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1560 1 NOTE Little has been found about her. 1 FAMS @F260@ 1 FAMC @F259@ 0 @I558@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan IV the/Terrible/ 1 NAME Ivan /Vasilyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russsia 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 25 1530 2 PLAC Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, Russia 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 18 1584 2 PLAC Moscow, Russia 1 NOTE At age 3 he became the 1st Russian ruler to be formally crowned. The 1st 13 2 CONT years of his official reign marked great periods of internal reform, external 2 CONT expansion and centralization of state power, but, after 1560, he displayed 2 CONT erratic behavior and wanton brutality, such as ordering the slaying of 1,000s 2 CONT in the town of Novgorod because of rumors of conspiracy against him in 1570. 2 CONT In 1581, in a fit of anger, he struck and killed his favorite son. He resorted 2 CONT to torture, exile, and execution to suppress those plotting against him. 1 FAMS @F260@ 1 FAMS @F592@ 1 FAMC @F265@ 0 @I559@ INDI 1 NAME Fyodor I /Ivanovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1557 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1598 1 NOTE Last of the Rurik dynasty, he was feeble-minded and weak, with the government 2 CONT actually under control of his brother-in-law, Boris Godunov. Fyodor I died 2 CONT without having children and was succeeded by Boris Godunov. 1 FAMS @F261@ 1 FAMC @F260@ 0 @I560@ INDI 1 NAME Sister of /Boris/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F261@ 1 FAMC @F262@ 0 @I561@ INDI 1 NAME Dmitry /Ivanovich/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1581 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1591 1 NOTE The youngest son of Ivan IV, his death is said to have been brought about by 2 CONT Boris Godunov, for in the name of Dmitry, many nobles had unsuccessfully 2 CONT revolted in 1584. Many false Dmitrys would emerge through the years, one of 2 CONT them was even crowned Czar, calling himself Dmitry I, three months after Czar 2 CONT Boris had died (**see Dimitry I), and another called himself Dmitry II, 2 CONT d.1610. The crown was left open from 1610-1613 when Michael became Czar, 2 CONT having been elected by Zemsky Sobor, the National Assembly. 1 FAMC @F592@ 0 @I562@ INDI 1 NAME Anastasia // 1 NAME Anastaiya /Nikolayevna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1901 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1918 2 PLAC Ekaterinburg, killed by Bolsheviks 1 NOTE The youngest daughter, she was assassinated along with the rest of her 2 CONT family. Through the following years, there were a few women who came forward 2 CONT claiming to be the real Anastasia. Another claim circurlated that 1 body was 2 CONT missing after the assassination of the Nicholas family/household members. So, 2 CONT did Anastasia escape, or was she released?? Highly doubtful, much like the 2 CONT claims of Elvis Presly's death in 1977 not really taking place. Ekaterinburg 2 CONT became Sverdlovsk (1924), home town of President Boris Yeltsin, b.1931. 1 FAMC @F233@ 0 @I563@ INDI 1 NAME Boris /Godunov/ 1 NAME Boris Fyodorovich /Godnov/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1551 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 23 1605 1 NOTE Boris and Nikita were appointed guardians and regents of Ivan's feeble-minded 2 CONT son, Fyodor I Ivanovich. When Nikita died, Boris became the most powerful man 2 CONT in Russia. Autocratic, he was the 1st Russian ruler to use Siberia as a place 2 CONT of banishment for political exiles. On Czar Fyodor's death in 1698, the 2 CONT Zemsky elected Boris as his successor. Boris died suddenly in the midst of a 2 CONT civil war on April 23, 1605. Fyodor II, son of Boris, succeeded him. 1 FAMS @F263@ 1 FAMC @F262@ 0 @I564@ INDI 1 NAME father of /Boris/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F262@ 0 @I565@ INDI 1 NAME mother of /Boris/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F262@ 0 @I566@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Boris/Godunov/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU czar consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F263@ 0 @I567@ INDI 1 NAME Fyodor II // 1 NAME Fyodor /Borasovitch/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1589 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1605 1 NOTE He succeeded his father, but his reign proved very short-lived, for the rule 2 CONT was immediately challenged by a false Dmitry and muredered by boyars after an 2 CONT ineffective attempt of his mother to save his throne, reigning from April to 2 CONT June of 1605. 1 FAMC @F263@ 0 @I568@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1581 1 NOTE The favorite son of Ivan IV, he was killed by his father, when, in a fit of 2 CONT rage, his father struck him. This event set the clock ticking for the 2 CONT political crisis known as the "Time of Troubles" that began with the 2 CONT extinction of the Rurik dynasty upon the death of Fydor in 1598. 1 FAMC @F260@ 0 @I571@ INDI 1 NAME Dmitry /I/ 1 NAME False /Dmitry/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Czar of Russia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1606 1 NOTE The son of Ivan IV was Dmitry, who was murdered, likely by or on orders from, 2 CONT Boris. This killing resulted in unrest, revolt and rebellion, and, a few 2 CONT false, or imitators to emerge claiming to be Dmitry. One, was so persuasive, 2 CONT he was actually crowned Czar of Russia three months after the death of Boris 2 CONT in 1605. He became a conscientious and able ruler, but he displeased the 2 CONT boyars (members of Russian aristocratic order below prince). They revolted, 2 CONT murdered the "czar" and elevated Prince Basil Shuysky to the throne, d.1612. 0 @I572@ INDI 1 NAME Basil III // 1 NAME or Vasily /Ivanovich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1479 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1533 1 NOTE He followed his father's policy of expansion to the west by annexing Pskov in 2 CONT 1510, Smolensk in 1514, and Ryazan in 1521. Russian policy thus became, 2 CONT exteranlly, the continued territorial aggrandizement of Muscovy (Moscow) and, 2 CONT internally, the formalization of autocratic rule with concomitant social 2 CONT change. 1 FAMS @F265@ 1 FAMC @F266@ 0 @I573@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Basil/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F265@ 0 @I574@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan III // 1 NAME the great, and Ivan/Vasilyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 22 1440 2 PLAC Moscow, Russia 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 27 1505 2 PLAC Moscow, Russia 1 NOTE He began to regard himelf as Czar, the autocrat soverign, rather than the 2 CONT head of the nobility. Ivan strengthened the hemermony of Moscow over other 2 CONT Russian principalities and described himself as Soverign of all Russia. Soon 2 CONT after his marriage, he added the two-headed eagle of the Byzantine escutcheon 2 CONT to his coat of arms which drastically curtailed the powers and privileges of 2 CONT other Russian princes in the Russian aristocracy. 1 FAMS @F266@ 1 FAMC @F267@ 0 @I575@ INDI 1 NAME Zoe /Sophia/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1498 1 NOTE She was the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor. 1 FAMS @F266@ 0 @I576@ INDI 1 NAME Basil II the/Blind/ 1 NAME or Vasily II, called the/Blind/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand prince of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1415 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1462 1 NOTE Fought civil war 1425-1447 to secure rule against rivals, including uncle 2 CONT Yury and cousin Dmitry Shemyaka, who seized power 1446-7 and blinded him; 2 CONT defeated siege by Tatars in 1451. 1 FAMS @F267@ 1 FAMC @F285@ 0 @I577@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Basil II the/Blind/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F267@ 0 @I578@ INDI 1 NAME Rurik // 1 NAME Ryurik // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Ruler of Novgorod 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 879 1 NOTE A Scandinavian chief who was, in effect, hired to govern, as an outside 2 CONT source, to bring about order in a town of many problems, the town of 2 CONT Novgorod. Two other Scandinavians gained control of the city of Kiev: Dir and 2 CONT Askold. Thus, 862 is considered the beginning of the Russian empire. Rurik 2 CONT was succeeded by his son Igor. 1 FAMS @F268@ 0 @I579@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Rurik/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F268@ 0 @I580@ INDI 1 NAME Igor // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU ruler of Novgorod/Kiev 1 BIRT 2 DATE 877 1 DEAT 2 DATE 945 1 NOTE He succeeded his father in 877 at age two. Oleg, a kinsman of Rurik, ruled as 2 CONT regent for Iror. Prince Oleg, realizing the value of the Kiev region, had the 2 CONT Varangian rulers killed in 882 and united Novgorod and Kiev, with Kiev as the 2 CONT capital. He went on to extend Russian rule by subduing neighboring tribes, 2 CONT and led his raiders as far south as Constantinople where he concluded a 2 CONT commercial treaty with Byzantium in 911, the first authentically dated event 2 CONT in Russian history. Igor assumed power in 912, succeeded by widow Olga 945. 1 FAMS @F269@ 1 FAMC @F268@ 0 @I581@ INDI 1 NAME Olga // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Ruler of Novgorod/Kiev 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 890 1 BAPM 2 DATE 955 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE 969 1 NOTE Olga succeeded her husband in 945, but abdicated in favor of her son in 964: 2 CONT Svyatoslav. 1 FAMS @F269@ 0 @I582@ INDI 1 NAME Svyatoslav // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Ruler Novgorod/Kiev 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 920 1 DEAT 2 DATE 972 1 NOTE The first prince in the house of Rurik to bear a Slav name. A great military 2 CONT leader, he led his troops against the Khezers in the southeast, against the 2 CONT Pechengs, a tribe of the Black Sea steppes, and against the Bulgars. He built 2 CONT a great empire, and commerce and crafts increased under his reign. He had 2 CONT three sons and split the empire three ways upon his death to rule, which led 2 CONT to dynastic conflicts that ended in 980 when the youngest son emerged the 2 CONT sole ruler of the Russian empire. 1 FAMS @F270@ 1 FAMC @F269@ 0 @I583@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Svyatoslav/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F270@ 0 @I584@ INDI 1 NAME Vladimir /I/ 1 NAME the Great, and later, Saint/Vladimir/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Prince of Kiev 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 956 1 BAPM 2 DATE 988 2 PLAC Byzantine Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1015 1 NOTE The most significant event of his reign was his conversion to Byzantine 2 CONT Christianity in 988 and the institution of that religion as the official 2 CONT religion of the Russian people (see Orthodox Church). After casting off 2 CONT several pagan wives, he married Anne, the sister of the Byzantine Emperor, 2 CONT Basil II. See Anne, message under his wife. He did, however, forcibly convert 2 CONT Kiev and Novgorod to Christianity. 1 FAMS @F271@ 1 FAMC @F270@ 0 @I585@ INDI 1 NAME Anne // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 963 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1011 1 NOTE She was the sister of Basil II, Emperor of the Byzantine empire. Her 2 CONT husband's empire was divided amongst their 4 sons after his death in 1015, 2 CONT and strife immediately developed with the oldest son, Svyatopolk holding the 2 CONT supreme power. 1 FAMS @F271@ 0 @I586@ INDI 1 NAME Svyatopolk // 1 NAME called the /Accursed/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU ruler of Russian empire 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Not satisfied having the supreme power over his other three brothers when 2 CONT their father died, Svyatopolk murdered two of his brothers, Boris and Gled, 2 CONT but he, too, in time, was defeated and deposed by another brother Yaroslav. 2 CONT See Yaroslav. 1 FAMC @F271@ 0 @I587@ INDI 1 NAME Boris // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was murdered along with his brother Gled by their brother Svyatopolk 2 CONT after their father died to gain more power and domain. 1 FAMC @F271@ 0 @I588@ INDI 1 NAME Gled // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was murdered along with brother Boris by brother Svyatopolk when their 2 CONT father died. 1 FAMC @F271@ 0 @I589@ INDI 1 NAME Yaraslav // 1 NAME called the /Wise/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Kiev 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 980 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1054 1 NOTE He in turn defeated and deposed brother Svyatololk and attempted to recreate 2 CONT the empire of his grandfather, Svyntoslav. By 1036, he had succeeded in 2 CONT making himself ruler of all Russia, with the Kievian state reaching its 2 CONT greatest power. This grand Duke of Kiev revised the first Russian law code, 2 CONT the Russkaya Pravda (Russian truth). His death in 1054 signaled the decline 2 CONT of Kiev. See "Sons of Yaraslav". 1 FAMS @F272@ 1 FAMC @F271@ 0 @I590@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Yaraslav/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort/Yaraslav 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Constantine IX and Empress Zoe. 1 FAMS @F272@ 1 FAMC @F274@ 0 @I591@ INDI 1 NAME sons of /Yaraslav/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Princes 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATES UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATES UNK 1 NOTE This "son" will represent the unknown number of sons there were. It will also 2 CONT represent a particular son who would be the father of Yaroslav's grandson, 2 CONT Vladimir II Monomachus, the next ruler. When Yaroslav died, the empire was 2 CONT divided amonst his sons, who, in time, divided the empire amonst their sons, 2 CONT with the end result of having Russia becoming a group of petty states almost 2 CONT continually at war with one another. One final attempt was made by Vladimir II 2 CONT to unite the country, or Empire. 1 FAMS @F273@ 1 FAMC @F272@ 0 @I592@ INDI 1 NAME wives of Sons of/Yaroslav/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATES UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATES UNK 1 NOTE Let this serve as a connecting link to Prince Alexander Yaroslavenich, for no 2 CONT documentation has been yet found to directly connect him to the past members 2 CONT of this family tree. It appears very likely that he was directly descended 2 CONT from one of the sons of Yaroslav. 1 FAMS @F273@ 0 @I593@ INDI 1 NAME Yaropolk // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He seized Kiel from his brother, Vladimir, when Vladimir was forced to flee 2 CONT to Scandonavia when their father died in 972. Once Vladimir had returned and 2 CONT regained control, he consolidated his rule over a realm from the Baltic to 2 CONT the Ukrane. 1 FAMC @F270@ 0 @I594@ INDI 1 NAME Constantine /IX/ 1 NAME called /Monomachus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Roman empire 1 BIRT 2 DATE 980 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1055 1 NOTE During his reign, the defenses of the empire weakened, great sums of money 2 CONT spent on luxuries and public buildings and Italy was lost to the empire in 2 CONT 1053 when the Normans conquered Beneveto. 1 FAMS @F274@ 0 @I595@ INDI 1 NAME Zoe // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK* 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1050 1 NOTE * Date lists born as 980, strongly questioned, so will go on and list date of 2 CONT birth as unk. 1 FAMS @F275@ 1 FAMS @F276@ 1 FAMS @F274@ 1 FAMC @F277@ 0 @I596@ INDI 1 NAME Romanus III /Argyus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Zoe, his wife, conspired with Michael IV to have Romanus murdered. 1 FAMS @F275@ 0 @I597@ INDI 1 NAME Michael IV // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Zoe married Michael after doing away with her first husband with Michael's 2 CONT help. Zoe, in the meantime, adopted Michael V, son of Michael IV by another 2 CONT wife. After a revolution had deposed Michael V, Zoe became Co-Empress along 2 CONT with her sister, Theodora in 1942. 1 FAMS @F276@ 0 @I598@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Constantine/VIII/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Roman Empress 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F277@ 0 @I599@ INDI 1 NAME Constantine /VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Roman Emperor 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 960 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1028 1 NOTE Son of Romanus II; nominal joint rule with brother Basil II 976-1025, but 2 CONT sole ruler 1025-1028 when Basil died. 1 FAMS @F277@ 0 @I600@ INDI 1 NAME Zoeand /Theodora/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU CoEmpress of Roman empire 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was made co-Empress with her sister Zoe in 1042. 1 FAMC @F277@ 0 @I601@ INDI 1 NAME Vsevolod I /Yaroslavich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F278@ 1 FAMC @F272@ 0 @I602@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Vsevolod I/Yaroslavich/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F278@ 0 @I603@ INDI 1 NAME Vladimir II // 1 NAME Vladimir /Monomahus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Kiel 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1053 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1125 1 NOTE He succeeded cousin Svyatopolk II in Kiel in 1113, founded the city of 2 CONT Vladimir - renowned as a ruler, warrior, and writer of works of Russian 2 CONT secular literature in the earliest form. With his death ended the efforts to 2 CONT form an alliance of the different sections or Kiev, and the fragmentation 2 CONT continued. Other states challenged Kiev's supremacy. Of course, there was 2 CONT still the kahn and the Mongals to contend with, within the whole of Russia. 2 CONT Moscow was founded in 1147. Enters Prince Alexander Yaroslavenich next. 1 FAMC @F278@ 0 @I604@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander /Yaroslavevich/ 1 NAME Alexander /Nevsky/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Prince of Novgorod 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE In 1246, he succeeded his father (?) as Grand Duke of Novgorod, and he was 2 CONT invested by the kahn as Grand Prince of Vladimir and Suzdal in 1252. Earlier, 2 CONT in 1240, his army totally defeated the invading Swedish army, then defeated 2 CONT the invading Germans. Most Russian princes followed Alexander's example and 2 CONT paid tribute, considering themselves vassals to the Tartar rule. The town of 2 CONT Moscow in the principality of Vladimir was given to the younger son of 2 CONT Alexander in 1263, Daniel Nevsky. 1 FAMS @F279@ 1 FAMC @F273@ 0 @I605@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Alexander/Yaroslavevich/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F279@ 0 @I606@ INDI 1 NAME Daniel /Nevsky/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Muscovy (Moscow) 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1303 1 NOTE Daniel represented a progenta of a lie of powerful dukes whp were astute men 2 CONT who worked closely with the kahns of the Mongols. 1 FAMS @F280@ 1 FAMC @F279@ 0 @I607@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Daniel/Nevsky/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F280@ 0 @I608@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan /I/ 1 NAME Ivan Danilovich, and Kalita,/"Moneybags"/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1304 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1341 1 NOTE He became Duke in 1328. Beginning with Ivan, the dukes of Muscovy styled 2 CONT themselves as princes "of all Russia". His expansion left Moscow in control 2 CONT of Russia. He succeeded brother Yury as duke from 1328-1341. While in power, 2 CONT Ivan extended the boudaries of the domain, made collection of taxes by Tatar 2 CONT Khan, and increased the importance of Moscow, laying foundation of the 2 CONT Muscovite kingdom. 1 FAMS @F281@ 1 FAMC @F280@ 0 @I609@ INDI 1 NAME Yury // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1328 1 FAMC @F280@ 0 @I610@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ivan/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F281@ 0 @I611@ INDI 1 NAME Semyon // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1353 1 FAMC @F281@ 0 @I612@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan II // 1 NAME Ivan /Kasny/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1326 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1359 1 NOTE He succeeded his brother Semyon in 1353. Ivan was succeeded by his son, 2 CONT Dmitry Donskoy, in 1359 1 FAMS @F282@ 1 FAMC @F281@ 0 @I613@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ivan/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F282@ 0 @I614@ INDI 1 NAME Dmitry // 1 NAME Dmitry Ivanovich, or Dmitry/Donskoy/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1350 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1389 1 NOTE Dmitry strengthened the Kremlin, withstood attacks and enlarged the domain of 2 CONT Moscow. He defeated the Mongol army at Kulilova Pole on September 8, 1380; 2 CONT independence of Moscow ended with Mongol sacking in 1380. 1 FAMS @F283@ 1 FAMC @F282@ 0 @I615@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Dmitry/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F283@ 0 @I616@ INDI 1 NAME Basil /I/ 1 NAME Vasily or Basil I/Dmitriyevich/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Moscow 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1371 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1425 1 NOTE He visited Tatar kahn Tokhtamysh to secure patent for father to rule Russian 2 CONT lands as Prince of Vladimir, but was held prisoner from 1383-1386. After 2 CONT released, he led a muscovite contingent in Tokhlamysh's campaign against 2 CONT Timur Lenk in 1388. Then in 1395, he raised a large army and turned back an 2 CONT invasion by Timur Lenk, obtaining effective independence from the Tatars, 2 CONT but, Vasily was reduced again to vassalage by khan Edigu in 1408. 1 FAMS @F285@ 1 FAMC @F283@ 0 @I617@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Basil/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F285@ 0 @I618@ INDI 1 NAME Olga // 1 NAME Olga /Nikolayevna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1918 2 PLAC Ekaterinburg, killed by Bolsheviks 1 FAMC @F233@ 0 @I619@ INDI 1 NAME Tatiana // 1 NAME Tatiana /Nikolayevna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1918 2 PLAC Ekaterinburg, killed by Bolsheviks 1 FAMC @F233@ 0 @I620@ INDI 1 NAME Maria // 1 NAME Maria /Nikolayevna/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1918 2 PLAC Ekaterinburg, killed by Bolsheviks 1 FAMC @F233@ 0 @I621@ INDI 1 NAME brother\sister of /Ceawlin/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Creating another child, for Ceol was the "nephew" of Ceawlin, but no 2 CONT information is available beyond this to date (reference by Bede). 1 FAMS @F286@ 1 FAMC @F144@ 0 @I622@ INDI 1 NAME husband\wife o brother\sister of/Ceawlin/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Another part of the made-up person to satisfy Bede's writings as to the 2 CONT relationship of Ceol and Ceawlin, uncle and nephew, as this is the only 2 CONT information to date. 1 FAMS @F286@ 0 @I623@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ceol/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F287@ 0 @I624@ INDI 1 NAME Helena // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1846 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She became Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I625@ INDI 1 NAME Louise // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Argyll 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1848 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I626@ INDI 1 NAME Leopold // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Albany 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1853 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I627@ INDI 1 NAME Beatrice // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1857 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She would become Princess Henry of Battenberg 1 FAMC @F32@ 0 @I628@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ceawlin/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F288@ 0 @I629@ INDI 1 NAME grandfather\grandmother /Ceadwalla/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F289@ 1 FAMC @F288@ 0 @I630@ INDI 1 NAME grandmother\grandfather of /Caedwalla/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F289@ 0 @I631@ INDI 1 NAME father\mother to /Caedwalla/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F290@ 1 FAMC @F289@ 0 @I632@ INDI 1 NAME mother\father to /Caedwalla/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F290@ 0 @I633@ INDI 1 NAME Mul // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 694 1 NOTE This brother of Ceadwalla, was slain by the "men of Kent", and they were 2 CONT forced to pay compensation for the murder/assassination of Mul by King Ine. 1 FAMC @F290@ 0 @I634@ INDI 1 NAME Sigeberht // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of West Saxons 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 757 1 NOTE His bother, Cyneheard, killed Cynewulf. 1 FAMC @F291@ 0 @I635@ INDI 1 NAME father of /Sigeberht/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F291@ 0 @I636@ INDI 1 NAME mother of /Sigeberht/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F291@ 0 @I637@ INDI 1 NAME Cyneheard // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F291@ 0 @I638@ INDI 1 NAME father of /Ine/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F292@ 0 @I639@ INDI 1 NAME mother of /Ine/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F292@ 0 @I640@ INDI 1 NAME Cuthburga // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F292@ 0 @I641@ INDI 1 NAME Cwenburgh // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F292@ 0 @I642@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /V/ 1 NAME Ferdinand II of Aragon, the/Catholic/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain & Naples 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 10 1452 2 PLAC Sos, Aragon 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 23 1516 2 PLAC Madrigalejo, Spain 1 BURI 2 PLAC Granada 1 NOTE He succeeded to the crown of Aragon in 1479 as Ferdinand II, and became 2 CONT Ferdinand V of Castile from 1474. As spanish ruler of southern Italy, he 2 CONT became Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily. He united the 2 CONT Spanish kingdom's entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. He 2 CONT sired at least two female children by other women whose birth dates are not 2 CONT recorded. Tragedies mounted him when his eldest daughter died, Joan went 2 CONT insane, he was wounded in 1493, and his wife, Isabella, died (1504). 1 FAMS @F294@ 1 FAMS @F295@ 1 FAMC @F293@ 0 @I643@ INDI 1 NAME John II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon and Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1398 2 PLAC Medina del Campo, Leon 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1479 2 PLAC Barcelona 1 NOTE He was also king of Navarre 1425-1479, the son of Ferdinand I of Aragon and 2 CONT brother to Alfanso V. He was the instigator of the union of Castile and 2 CONT Aragon through the historic marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of 2 CONT Castile. 1 FAMS @F302@ 1 FAMS @F293@ 1 FAMC @F303@ 0 @I644@ INDI 1 NAME Juana /Enriquez/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the admiral of Castile 1 FAMS @F293@ 0 @I645@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella /I/ 1 NAME Isabella of Castile, the/Catholic/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 22 1451 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1504 1 BURI 2 PLAC Granada 1 NOTE She ruled jointly with Ferdinand - she, over Castle, roughly western Spain, 2 CONT and he, over Aragon, roughly eastern Spain, until she died, then he ruled all 2 CONT of Spain alone in this "union of crowns". She was Henry IV's (of Castile) 2 CONT half sister. Isabella and Ferdinand had a policy against all religions other 2 CONT than Roman Catholic under the Spanish Inquisition in 1478, and expelled the 2 CONT Jews in 1492. They financed Christopher Columbus' first trip to the new world 2 CONT for the sum of 1.157 million maravedis via the Santa Hermandad funds. 1 FAMS @F294@ 1 FAMC @F298@ 0 @I646@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1470 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1498 1 NOTE Manuel and Isabella became heirs to the throne of Spain upon the death of her 2 CONT brother, yet that union of crowns ended with Isabella's death while giving 2 CONT birth to her son Miguel, who died in infancy. She was the widow of John II's 2 CONT heir. 1 FAMS @F739@ 1 FAMS @F698@ 1 FAMC @F294@ 0 @I647@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1478 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F294@ 0 @I649@ INDI 1 NAME Maria // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The younger sister of Isabella, who died while giving birth to Manuel's child 2 CONT Miguel, went on to bear nine children to Manuel. To date, no names have been 2 CONT found, or any information about them. 1 FAMS @F699@ 1 FAMC @F294@ 0 @I650@ INDI 1 NAME Germaine /de Foix/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE His second marriage was also a political one. Ferdinand would be succeeded by 2 CONT his grandson, the future emperor Charles V. Germaine was a niece of the king 2 CONT of France. 1 FAMS @F295@ 0 @I651@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 10 1503 2 PLAC Alcala de Henares, Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 25 1564 2 PLAC Vienna, Hapsburg (Austria) 1 REFN See #998 1 NOTE Brother-in-law to Louis II, King of of Bohemia and Hungary. He gained the 2 CONT throne of Bohemia and Hungary through his wife, the sister of Louis II of 2 CONT Bohemia. During his reign, the era of religious strife concluded in Germany 2 CONT following Lutheranism by recognizing the right of territorial princes to 2 CONT determine the religion of their subjects. In foreign affairs Ferdinand was 2 CONT less successful, and Hungary remained divided with a rival faction. The 2 CONT Habsburg domains became separated into more easily governable parts. 1 FAMS @F296@ 1 FAMC @F207@ 0 @I652@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ferdinand/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F296@ 1 FAMC @F462@ 0 @I653@ INDI 1 NAME Maximilian /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Germany 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 22 1459 2 PLAC Wiener Neustadt, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 12 1519 2 PLAC Wels, Upper Austria 1 BURI 2 PLAC Georgskirrche at Wiener Neustadt 1 NOTE Holy Roman Emperor & King of Germany (1493-1519), and archduke of Austria, 2 CONT establishing the Habsburg dynasty as a European power. He added vast lands to 2 CONT the traditional Austrian holdings, securing the Netherlands by his own 2 CONT marriage, Hungary and Bohemia by treaty and military pressure, and Spain and 2 CONT the Spanish empire by the marriage of his son, Philip. He also fought a 2 CONT series of wars against the French, mostly in Italy. His grandson succeeded to 2 CONT this vast Habsburg realm and the imperial crown as Charles V. 1 FAMS @F297@ 1 FAMS @F800@ 1 FAMC @F795@ 0 @I654@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of /Burgundy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 13 1457 2 PLAC Brussels 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 27 1482 2 PLAC Brugge (Bruges), Flanders 1 NOTE As daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, she became duchess. Her 2 CONT critical marrige to Maximilian, along with the marriages of her son, & Joan I 2 CONT the Mad, the Netherlands came to be joined with Spain and with the 2 CONT Habsburg's own Austrian possessions in the hands of her famous grandson, the 2 CONT Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. 1 FAMS @F297@ 1 FAMC @F720@ 0 @I655@ INDI 1 NAME John II of/Castile/ 1 NAME Juan II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1405 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1454 1 NOTE Son of Henry III, he was under regency of his mother Catherine of Lancaster 2 CONT and his uncle Don Fernando, Ferdinand I, until 1419. For much of his reign, 2 CONT he virtually abandoned government to favorite Alvaro de Luna. Isabella of 2 CONT Portugal, John's wife, persuaded John to execute Luna in 1453 and John did 2 CONT so, dying reputedly of remorse for the execution. 1 FAMS @F299@ 1 FAMS @F298@ 1 FAMC @F304@ 0 @I656@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Portugal/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F298@ 0 @I657@ INDI 1 NAME wife of John II of/Castile/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F299@ 0 @I658@ INDI 1 NAME Henry IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1425 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1474 1 NOTE Weak and dissolute ruler; reign marked with lawlessness and corruption. In 2 CONT his second marriage, to Joana, sister of the Portuguese King, the paternity 2 CONT of her daughter was questioned, and succession was passed onto Henry's sister, 2 CONT Isabella. 1 FAMS @F300@ 1 FAMS @F301@ 1 FAMC @F298@ 0 @I659@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Henry/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F300@ 0 @I660@ INDI 1 NAME Joane // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F301@ 0 @I661@ INDI 1 NAME Juana la /Beltranja/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Castile? 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1462 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1530 1 NOTE Alfanso V of Portugal claimed she should have the crown, but paternity was 2 CONT disputed and the crown was passed onto Henry's sister, Isabella I. From this 2 CONT marriage Alfonso V gained the title of King of Castile, for a short period of 2 CONT time. 1 FAMS @F703@ 1 FAMC @F301@ 0 @I662@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche of /Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1441 1 FAMS @F302@ 1 FAMC @F305@ 0 @I663@ INDI 1 NAME Charles IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Governor of Catalonia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1421 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1461 1 NOTE Named after his grandfather Charles III, he failed to secure the crown by 2 CONT force in 1453. Although he was recognized by his father as heir to the 2 CONT throne, he died first. For many years, he was involved in a civil war with his 2 CONT father over the throne of Navarre, finally securing it through his mother, 2 CONT but he never gained the throne of Aragon, dying likely of poison 3 months 2 CONT after the death of his father who finally recognized him as heir to the 2 CONT throne of Aragon. 1 FAMC @F302@ 0 @I664@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /I/ 1 NAME the Just, and Ferdinand of/Antequera/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon & Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1379 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 02 1416 2 PLAC Igualada, Catalonia 1 NOTE He declined the Castilian crown when his brother, King Henry III died in 1416 2 CONT and chose, instead, to become coregent to nephew, John II of Castile that 2 CONT year of 1406. Later, when his uncle Martin I, King of Aragon 1356-1410, and 2 CONT King of Sicily as Martin II died without issue, Ferdinand was chosen and 2 CONT accepted those crowns in 1412. 1 FAMS @F303@ 1 FAMC @F308@ 0 @I665@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ferdinand/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F303@ 0 @I666@ INDI 1 NAME Henry III // 1 NAME the /Sufferer/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 04 1379 2 PLAC Burgos, Castile (Spain) 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1406 2 PLAC Toledo 1 NOTE He was under regency from 1390-1393. Though the beginning of his reign found 2 CONT the country plagued with continual disorder & violent anti-Semetism, Henry 2 CONT was able to placate the nobility and restore royal authority, winning 2 CONT victories with England at sea, and, the conquest of the Canary Islands in 2 CONT 1402. 1 FAMS @F304@ 1 FAMC @F308@ 0 @I667@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine of /Lancaster/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of John of Gaunt of England, but cannot trace her to any of John of 2 CONT Gaunt's three wives in history books for certain, but it would appear the 2 CONT most likely would be the first wife. 1 FAMS @F304@ 1 FAMC @F60@ 0 @I668@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /V/ 1 NAME the /Magnamimous/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon and Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1396 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 27 1458 2 PLAC Naples 1 REFN Historic note*: 1 NOTE He was noted for bring southern Italy into the domain of Aragon, leaving the 2 CONT Iberian territories to regencies of wife and brother John, later John II. 2 CONT Once again, with the crowing of Ferdinand I as king of Aragon (Spain) and of 2 CONT Sicily, these two crowns were to remain *united for nearly 300 years, until 2 CONT the War of the Spanish Succession. 1 FAMS @F593@ 1 FAMS @F696@ 1 FAMC @F303@ 0 @I669@ INDI 1 NAME Charles III // 1 NAME the /Noble/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1361 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1425 1 NOTE Long reign of peace ans progress; created Duke of Nemours; succeeded by 2 CONT daughter Blanche, mother of Charles, Prince of Viana. 1 FAMS @F305@ 1 FAMC @F312@ 0 @I670@ INDI 1 NAME Leonora // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Henry II of Castile. 1 FAMS @F305@ 1 FAMC @F306@ 0 @I671@ INDI 1 NAME Henry II // 1 NAME Henry of /Trantamara/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1333 2 PLAC Seville 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1379 1 NOTE He was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile. Peter the Cruel was the 2 CONT legitimate son of Alfonso XI and succeeded his father to the throne and Henry 2 CONT fled to France. Eventually, Henry killed Peter in 1369, becoming king and 2 CONT continuing his alliance with Charles V of France in the Hundred Years' War. 2 CONT He was succeeded by his son, John I. He founded the house of Trastamara. 1 FAMS @F306@ 1 FAMC @F309@ 0 @I672@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Henry/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F306@ 0 @I673@ INDI 1 NAME John /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 20 1358 2 PLAC Epila, Castile 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 09 1390 2 PLAC Alcala de Henares 1 NOTE Son of Henry II, he proclaimed himself king in 1384, resisted by John of 2 CONT Aviz. His father was the founder of the dynasty of Trastamara. He was killed 2 CONT by a fall off his horse he was riding in a fantasia with some of the light 2 CONT horsemen known as the farfanes, who were mounted and equipted in the Arab 2 CONT style. 1 FAMS @F308@ 1 FAMS @F692@ 1 FAMC @F306@ 0 @I674@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F308@ 1 FAMC @F369@ 0 @I675@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /XI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1311 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1350 2 PLAC Gilbraltar 1 NOTE He died while making a seige at Gilbraltar. 1 FAMS @F309@ 1 FAMS @F310@ 1 FAMC @F315@ 0 @I676@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of Alfonso/XI/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F309@ 0 @I677@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd wife of Alfonso/XI/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F310@ 0 @I678@ INDI 1 NAME Peter the /Cruel/ 1 NAME Pedro // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 30 1334 2 PLAC Burgos, Castile 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 23 1369 2 PLAC Campo de Montiel (France) 1 NOTE Peter was called the Cruel because of his readiness to use murder and 2 CONT execution to eliminate his political opponets, including several half 2 CONT -brothers, namely, Henry II. Peter was killed in a civil war with Henry at 2 CONT Campo de Montiel in 1369. Peter was charged by his contemporary enemies with 2 CONT monstrous cruelty, but was viewed later by writers as a strong executor of 2 CONT justice. Peter was once confronted by a row of bastard half-brothers to win 2 CONT support, led by Henry, Later Henry II. Likely assassinated later by Henry II. 1 FAMS @F311@ 1 FAMS @F694@ 1 FAMS @F695@ 1 FAMC @F310@ 0 @I679@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of Peter the/Cruel/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F311@ 0 @I680@ INDI 1 NAME Charles II the/Bad/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1332 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1387 1 NOTE In dispute with father-in-law john II of France over lands in Agouleme and 2 CONT Normandy, he was held prisoner by John from 1356-57; captain general of 2 CONT Paris 1358; at strife with dauphin (1358-60); spent rest of life making 2 CONT trouble in Spain and France (hence the nickname); made and broke alliances 2 CONT and treaties; accused of other crimes. 1 FAMS @F312@ 1 FAMC @F313@ 0 @I681@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of King John II of France. 1 FAMS @F312@ 1 FAMC @F314@ 0 @I682@ INDI 1 NAME Juana II of/Navarre/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE found no further information on this line of the family tree to date, 10/97. 1 FAMS @F313@ 0 @I683@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Juana II of/Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F313@ 0 @I684@ INDI 1 NAME John II // 1 NAME called the Good, and Jean (french/John)/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 16 1319 2 PLAC near Le Mans, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 08 1364 2 PLAC England in captivity 1 NOTE While being held prisoner by the Black Prince of England, in England, his 2 CONT son, Charles, later Charles V, acted as regent during his captivity. Because 2 CONT he was unable to raise the required 3 million crown ransom when set free to 2 CONT do so, in 1360, John honorably resumed his captivity in England, where he 2 CONT died in 1364. He had been taken prisoner on Sep-19-1356 and forced to 2 CONT sign the disastrous treaties of 1360 during the first phases of the Hundred 2 CONT Years' War between France & England. 1 FAMS @F314@ 1 FAMC @F521@ 0 @I685@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /John/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F314@ 0 @I686@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile and Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 06 1286 2 PLAC Seville 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 07 1312 2 PLAC Jaen, Andalusa 1 NOTE The son of Sancho IV, his reign was marked by the continuance of wars against 2 CONT the Moors, from whom he won Gilbraltar in 1309. 1 FAMS @F315@ 1 FAMC @F316@ 0 @I687@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ferdinand/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F315@ 0 @I688@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile and Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1258 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1295 1 NOTE The second son of Alfonso X, he usurped the throne from nephew Alfonso de La 2 CONT Cerda, repelled a Marinid invasion of Andalusia in 1290, and married his 2 CONT daughter to James II of Aragon to secure support in 1291. 1 FAMS @F316@ 1 FAMC @F318@ 0 @I689@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Sancho/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F316@ 0 @I690@ INDI 1 NAME daughter of /Sancho/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The daughter of Sancho IV of Castile of Leon, married to James II of Aragon 2 CONT by her father to gain support. 1 FAMS @F317@ 1 FAMC @F316@ 0 @I691@ INDI 1 NAME James II of/Aragon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F317@ 0 @I692@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /X/ 1 NAME the /Wise/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 23 1221 2 PLAC Burgos, Castile 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 04 1284 2 PLAC Seville 1 REFN See #1742,#1743 1 NOTE He succeeded his father, Ferdinand III. His reign marked by battles, civil 2 CONT wars an an extended unsucessful attempt at the crown of the Holy Roman 2 CONT Empire. Deposed in 1282 by his son, Sanch IV, he died a fugitive at Seville. 2 CONT He, however, greatly stimulated the intellect of his time with his 2 CONT Alphonsine Tables in 1252. 1 FAMS @F318@ 1 FAMC @F320@ 0 @I693@ INDI 1 NAME daughter of James/I/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of James I, King of Aragon & Catalonia, married to 2 CONT Alfonso X, King of Castile. 1 FAMS @F318@ 1 FAMC @F365@ 0 @I694@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand III // 1 NAME the /Saint/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile and Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1199 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1252 1 NOTE The son of Alfonso IX of Leon, his mother, Berengaria of Castile, renounced 2 CONT her castilian throne in favor of her son. This enraged her husband who 2 CONT declared war on his newly crowned son. But, Ferdinand proved more than a 2 CONT military match for Alfonso. 1 FAMS @F320@ 1 FAMC @F321@ 0 @I695@ INDI 1 NAME Berengaria // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1171 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1246 1 NOTE She renounced her Castilian crown in favor of her son, Ferdinand III. 1 FAMS @F321@ 0 @I696@ INDI 1 NAME Beatrix the /Younger/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F320@ 1 FAMC @F840@ 0 @I697@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso IX of/Leon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1171 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1230 1 NOTE The son of Ferdinand II of Leon, he allied with Almohads to regain lands lost 2 CONT by his cousin Alfonso VIII of Castile; as a result ordered by papal interdict 2 CONT to marry (1197) Beregaria of Castile. 1 FAMS @F321@ 1 FAMC @F322@ 0 @I698@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand II of/Leon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1137 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1188 1 NOTE He was the 2nd son of Alfonso II, King of Castile, who was also King of Leon 2 CONT as Alfonso VII. Ferdinand was noted both for his intermittent wars with 2 CONT Castile and Portugal, and for his reorgannization (c1170) of the military 2 CONT order of Saint James of the Sword to drive the Moors from Spain. 1 FAMS @F322@ 1 FAMC @F323@ 0 @I699@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ferdinand II of/Leon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F322@ 0 @I700@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /VII/ 1 NAME also known as Alfanso II/of/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1105 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1157 1 NOTE Acceeded the throne through his mother, Urraca, and abandment of claim by his 2 CONT stepfather, Alfonso I of Aragon. He captured Almeria in 1147, and defended 2 CONT against Almohad invasions from 1146. 1 FAMS @F323@ 1 FAMC @F324@ 0 @I701@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Alfonso/VII/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F323@ 0 @I702@ INDI 1 NAME Urraca // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1080 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1126 1 NOTE The daughter of Alfonso VI. The implications of her second marriage to 2 CONT Alfonso of Aragon and Navarre provoked a log civil war; quarreled with 2 CONT Alfonso; defeated in battle of Sepulveda in 1111, succeeded by her son, 2 CONT Alfonso VII in 1126. 1 FAMS @F324@ 1 FAMS @F325@ 1 FAMC @F326@ 0 @I703@ INDI 1 NAME Ramond of /Burgundy/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU consort to the Queen 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F324@ 0 @I704@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso I of/Aragon/ 1 NAME the /Battler/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon & Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1073 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1134 1 NOTE When he married Urraca, the marriage joined the two principal Christian 2 CONT kingdoms in Spain. He won many victories over the Moors, but they defeated 2 CONT him at the battle of Braga in 1133 and he died the following year of wounds 2 CONT received there. He was 3rd cousin to Urraca. 1 FAMS @F325@ 1 FAMC @F353@ 0 @I705@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /I/ 1 NAME the Brave, and as Alfonso VI of/Leon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1040 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1109 1 NOTE Father to Teresa, Wife of Henry of Burgundy, he was driven from Leon by his 2 CONT elder brother Sancho II in 1072, but when Henry died that year, he regained 2 CONT it and inherited Castile. In 1077, he took the title: "emperor of all Spain". 2 CONT His brother, Sancho II was served by Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, or "the lord 2 CONT Champion", or commonly known as El Cid, and when Sancho died in 1072, El Cid 2 CONT went on to serve Alfonso as well. Rodrigo was the son of a minor Castilian 2 CONT nobleman, but his mother was related to "great landowning nobility". 1 FAMS @F326@ 1 FAMC @F328@ 0 @I706@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Alfonso/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F326@ 0 @I707@ INDI 1 NAME Teresa // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1070 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1130 1 NOTE She was Countess from 1095-1112 and regent from 1112-1128 of Portugal. The 2 CONT "natural daughter" of Alfonso I/VI(?), she married Henry of Burgundy and took 2 CONT charge when henry died (of the government) and refused to cede power to her 2 CONT son, later Alfonso I of Portugal, "on his maturity", so she was later driven 2 CONT into exile by Alfonso's followers in 1128. "Natural" above refers to the fact 2 CONT that Teresa was an illegitimate child. She ruled Portugal from the time of 2 CONT her husband's death in 1112. 1 FAMS @F327@ 1 FAMC @F326@ 0 @I708@ INDI 1 NAME Henry of /Burgundy/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F327@ 0 @I709@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /I/ 1 NAME the /Conqueror/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1110 2 PLAC Guimares, Portugal 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 06 1185 2 PLAC Coimbra, Portugal 1 NOTE As an infant, he inherited his father's title, and in 1128 he defeated his 2 CONT mother, Teresa, in battle, and became the first King of Portugal. He 2 CONT conquered Santarem and Lisbon from the Muslims in 1147 and secured Portuguese 2 CONT independence frm Leon in 1139. By the time of his death he had created a 2 CONT stable and independent monarchy, succeeded by his son, Sancho I. 1 FAMS @F724@ 1 FAMC @F327@ 0 @I710@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /I/ 1 NAME the Great, Fernando in/Spanish/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1017 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1065 1 NOTE After his troops killed his brother Garcia IV, King of Navarre in 1054, he 2 CONT assumed rule of Navarre. On his death, he divided his kingdom amongst his 2 CONT three sons, Sancho, Alfonso, and Garcia. By 1037, the male line of the house 2 CONT of Leon had become extinct, so Ferdinand united the kingdom with his own. The 2 CONT history of Leon is identical with that of Castile,until 1157 when Leon became 2 CONT an independent kingdom. Ferdinand III, King of Castile, inherited the throne 2 CONT of Leon in 1230, and Leon & Castile became as one: Castile. 1 FAMS @F328@ 1 FAMC @F329@ 0 @I711@ INDI 1 NAME Sancha // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sister of Bermudo III, King of Leon 1 FAMS @F328@ 1 FAMC @F330@ 0 @I712@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1038 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1072 1 NOTE Eldest son of Ferdinand I; named El Cid commander of royal troops in 1065; 2 CONT attempted to reunite his father's possessions; dispossessed his brothers 2 CONT Garcia of Galicia 1071, and Alfonso of Leon 1072. He was assassinated while 2 CONT beseiging Zamora. 1 FAMC @F328@ 0 @I713@ INDI 1 NAME Garcia of /Galicia/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F328@ 0 @I714@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1134 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1158 1 FAMS @F534@ 1 FAMC @F323@ 0 @I715@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho III /Garces/ 1 NAME the /Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 992 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1035 1 NOTE The son of Garcia III and grandson of Sancho II Garces, he was the Count of 2 CONT Aragon 1000-1035 and Castile 1029-1035. When he died in 1035, his kingdom 2 CONT was divided amonst his four sons: Ramiro I, Garcia IV, Ferdinand I and 2 CONT Garcia, thus making fractricidal wars inevitable after his death. 1 FAMS @F329@ 1 FAMC @F338@ 0 @I716@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sancho III/Garces/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F329@ 0 @I717@ INDI 1 NAME Bermudo III of/Leon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1016 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1037 1 NOTE Son of Alfonso V, under regency of his mother, Urraca, 1027-1032. He was at 2 CONT war with Sancho III of Navarre until Sancho's death in 1035. Bermudo died at 2 CONT the battle of Tamaron while attempting to recover territories from his 2 CONT brother-in-law, Ferndinand I of Castile. 1 FAMS @F330@ 1 FAMC @F332@ 0 @I718@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Bermudo III of/Leon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F330@ 0 @I719@ INDI 1 NAME Urraca // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Stepmother and regent to Bermudo III. 1 FAMS @F332@ 0 @I720@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso V of/Leon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon & Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE 994 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1028 1 NOTE The son of Bermudo II, He was able to recapture the lost Leonese territory in 2 CONT the years following the death of al-Mansur of cordoba. 1 FAMS @F332@ 1 FAMC @F333@ 0 @I721@ INDI 1 NAME Ramiro /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 08 1063 1 NOTE The illegitimate son of Sancho III of Navarre, he became the first King of 2 CONT Aragon on the death of his father, property annexed from brother Gonzalo and 2 CONT conquered from Moors the additional territory, making tributaries of Moorish 2 CONT kings Huesca, Saragossa and Lerida. 1 FAMS @F373@ 1 FAMC @F329@ 0 @I722@ INDI 1 NAME Garcia IV /Sanchez/ 1 NAME Garcia /Sanchez/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 1054 2 PLAC Atapuerca, Castile 1 NOTE The eldest son of Sancho III and grandson of Garcia III, he repelled an 2 CONT attack at Tafallo by his brother Ramiro I of Aragon in 1043. He was invaded 2 CONT by another brother Ferdinand I of Castile to recover annexed territories in 2 CONT 1054 - killed at the Battle of Atapuerca, succeeded by son Sancho IV. 1 FAMS @F354@ 1 FAMC @F329@ 0 @I723@ INDI 1 NAME Gonzolo // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F329@ 0 @I724@ INDI 1 NAME only son of Alfonso/I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1108 2 PLAC killed in battle with the Almoravids 1 FAMC @F326@ 0 @I725@ INDI 1 NAME Bermudo II // 1 NAME called the /Deacon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 797 1 NOTE Nephew of Alfonso I, he abdicated in favor of Alfonso II following defeat by 2 CONT the Moors. 1 FAMS @F333@ 1 FAMC @F334@ 0 @I726@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Bermudo/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F333@ 0 @I727@ INDI 1 NAME father\mother of /Bermudo/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 OCCU prince/princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F334@ 1 FAMC @F335@ 0 @I728@ INDI 1 NAME mother\father of /Bermudo/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F334@ 0 @I729@ INDI 1 NAME mother of Alfonso/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F335@ 0 @I730@ INDI 1 NAME father of Alfonso/I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Austurias 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F335@ 0 @I731@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /I/ 1 NAME the /Catholic/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 693 1 DEAT 2 DATE 757 1 NOTE Probable son-in-law to Pelayo; drove Moors out of Galicia 1 FAMS @F336@ 1 FAMC @F335@ 0 @I732@ INDI 1 NAME Pelayo's /daughter/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F336@ 1 FAMC @F337@ 0 @I733@ INDI 1 NAME Pelayo // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 737 1 NOTE He was the first Christian king after the conquest of Spain by the Arabs; a 2 CONT Gothic chieftain in the mountains who defeated the Moslems at Covadonga in 2 CONT 718 making the beginning of the Christian recovery. His deeds were partly 2 CONT legendary. His son-in-law, Alfonso, conquered nearly all the region known 2 CONT as Galicia, recaptured most of Leon, then crowned King of Leon and Asturias 2 CONT as Alfonso I. 1 FAMS @F337@ 0 @I734@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Pelayo/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F337@ 0 @I735@ INDI 1 NAME Garcia III /Sanchez/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1000 1 NOTE His capitol was razed by Almanzor in 999. 1 FAMS @F338@ 1 FAMC @F339@ 0 @I736@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Garcia III/Sanchez/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F338@ 0 @I737@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho II /Garces/ 1 NAME Sancho /Abarca/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 994 1 NOTE Defeated by the Moors 973 & 981, he submitted to the caliphate; visited 2 CONT Cordoba 992 to pay homage to Almanzor, who married a daughter of Sancho. 1 FAMS @F339@ 1 FAMC @F341@ 0 @I738@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sancho II/Garces/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F339@ 0 @I739@ INDI 1 NAME daugher of /Sancho/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F340@ 1 FAMC @F339@ 0 @I740@ INDI 1 NAME Almanzor // 1 NAME al-Mansur // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Arabic Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Almansur or al-Mansur, is an Arabic surname meaning "victorious", assumed by 2 CONT many Arabic Princes. 1 FAMS @F340@ 0 @I741@ INDI 1 NAME Garcia II /Sanchez/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 970 1 NOTE Under regency of his mother during his minority, he paid homage to 2 CONT 'Abd ar-Rahman III in Cordoba and secured his support in 958; defeated by the 2 CONT Moors and lost some territory. 1 FAMS @F341@ 1 FAMC @F342@ 0 @I742@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Garcia II/Sanchez/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F341@ 0 @I743@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho I /Garces/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 925 1 NOTE He extended his kingdom south of the Ebro River and maintained its 2 CONT independence despite the sacking of his capital in 924 by 'Abd ar-Rahman III. 2 CONT This is the end of this line of Kings of Navarre. 1 FAMS @F342@ 0 @I744@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sancho I/Garces/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F342@ 0 @I745@ INDI 1 NAME Ramiro /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 791 1 DEAT 2 DATE 850 1 FAMS @F343@ 1 FAMC @F344@ 0 @I746@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ramiro/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F343@ 0 @I747@ INDI 1 NAME Ordano /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Asturias & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 866 1 NOTE He won territory from the caliphate of Cordoba. 1 FAMS @F345@ 1 FAMC @F343@ 0 @I748@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso II // 1 NAME the /Chaste/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 759 1 DEAT 2 DATE 842 1 NOTE He held court at Oviedo; restored Visigothic traditions; defended realm 2 CONT against the Moors of Cordoba. He had to face repeated attacks by Cordoba and 2 CONT was often defeated, but his dogggedness saved Asturias from extinction. 2 CONT During his reign, the supposed tomb of St. James the Apostle in Galicia made 2 CONT the kingdom the guardian of such an important Christian Shrine. 1 FAMS @F344@ 1 FAMC @F351@ 0 @I749@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Alfonso/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F344@ 0 @I750@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Odano/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F345@ 0 @I751@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso III // 1 NAME the /Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 838 1 DEAT 2 DATE 910 1 NOTE Extended realm to Duero River and Osma; founded Burgos. When he died, 2 CONT Asturias was divided amongst his three sons, "following his abdication (?). 2 CONT The Moors Recaptured the territory but was restored by Alfonso V, known in 2 CONT Spanish history as the Restorer of Leon. 1 FAMS @F346@ 1 FAMC @F345@ 0 @I752@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Alfonso/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F346@ 0 @I753@ INDI 1 NAME Ordano II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Galicia & Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 924 1 NOTE Given Galicia by father, Alfonso III. 1 FAMS @F347@ 1 FAMC @F346@ 0 @I754@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ordano/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F347@ 0 @I755@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso IV // 1 NAME the /Monk/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon & Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 933 1 NOTE He succeeded his uncle Fruela II. His reign marked by unrest. he abdicated in 2 CONT favor of his brother Ramiro II in 931. 1 FAMC @F347@ 0 @I756@ INDI 1 NAME Ramiro II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon & Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 951 1 NOTE He won a great victory over caliph 'Abd ar-Rahman III in 939 and negotiated a 2 CONT truce with him (944), but he failed to suppress the Castilian separatist 2 CONT movement led by Fernan Gonzalez. 1 FAMS @F348@ 1 FAMC @F347@ 0 @I757@ INDI 1 NAME Fruela II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 925 1 FAMC @F346@ 0 @I758@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ramiro/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F348@ 0 @I759@ INDI 1 NAME Ordano III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon & Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 956 1 NOTE He was at war with his father-in law, Fernan Gonzales, Count of Castile. 1 FAMS @F349@ 1 FAMC @F348@ 0 @I760@ INDI 1 NAME daughter of Fernan/Gonzales/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F349@ 1 FAMC @F350@ 0 @I761@ INDI 1 NAME Fernan /Gonzalez/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE 910 1 DEAT 2 DATE 970 1 NOTE As the kings of Leon expanded eastward, they reached Burgos. Because the area 2 CONT there was protected by castles built to guard the frontiers of the newly 2 CONT acquired territory, the region became know as Castilla, or Castile. Under 2 CONT Count Fernan Gonzales, the region became independent of Leon, and in 932 2 CONT Fernan declared himself first King of Castile. Later, Sancho, King of Navarre, 2 CONT captured much of Leon & Castile, and made son Ferdinand I King of Castile. On 2 CONT Sancho's death the kingdom was divided amongst his three sons - big trouble! 1 FAMS @F350@ 0 @I762@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Fernan/Gonzalez/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F350@ 0 @I763@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho /I/ 1 NAME the /Fat/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 965 1 NOTE Overthrown by his nobles, he was replaced by his cousin, Ordano IV in 958, but 2 CONT regained his throne with the aid of 'Abd ar-Rahman III in 960. 1 FAMS @F352@ 1 FAMC @F348@ 0 @I764@ INDI 1 NAME Fruela /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE 722 1 DEAT 2 DATE 768 1 NOTE His reign marked by civil rebellions; founded Oviedo. 1 FAMS @F351@ 0 @I765@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Fruela/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F351@ 0 @I766@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sancho/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F352@ 0 @I767@ INDI 1 NAME Ramiro III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 961 1 DEAT 2 DATE 984 1 NOTE He is likely the son of Sancho I, for history says he was under regency of 2 CONT "his aunt" and "his mother". "His aunt" referring to the wife of his uncle 2 CONT Ordano III, d. 956 (?). Later, he was defeated by Abdual-Mansur at Rueda in 2 CONT 981. No further information along this family line. 1 FAMC @F352@ 0 @I768@ INDI 1 NAME 3rd son of/Alfonso/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F346@ 0 @I769@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho V /Ramirez/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon & Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1043 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 06 1094 1 NOTE Became King of Navarre after murder of cousin Sancho IV in 1074. He died of 2 CONT wounds suffered during the seige of Huesca in 1094 1 FAMS @F353@ 1 FAMC @F373@ 0 @I770@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sancho V/Ramirez/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F353@ 0 @I771@ INDI 1 NAME Peter /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon & Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1068 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1104 1 NOTE He fought the Moors alongside his father and continued the struggle during 2 CONT his reign; renewed alliance with El Cid 1094. 1 FAMC @F353@ 0 @I772@ INDI 1 NAME Ramiro II // 1 NAME the /Monk/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon & Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1154 1 NOTE Monk and bishop-elect of Barbastro when he succeeded elder brother Alfonso I. 2 CONT With the aid of Ramon Berenguer IV, the revolt of the Aragonese nobles was 2 CONT crushed in 1135. He later abdicated on November 13, 1137 in favor of his 2 CONT daughter and husband very shortly after they were married on August 11th of 2 CONT that year. 1 FAMS @F360@ 1 FAMC @F353@ 0 @I773@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Garcia IV/Sanchez/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F354@ 0 @I774@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre: Pamplona 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1039 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1076 2 PLAC Penalen, Navarre (Spain) 1 NOTE He persuaded the Moorish king Saraggossa to become his vassal; invaded by 2 CONT Alfonso VI in 1076; assassinated, apparently, by his brothers. 1 FAMC @F354@ 0 @I775@ INDI 1 NAME Garcia V /Ramirez/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1150 1 NOTE The son of the daughter of El Cid, and great-grandson of Garcia IV. He broke 2 CONT the alliance of Aragon and Navarre by declaring vassalage to Alfonso VII of 2 CONT Castile in 1134. 1 FAMS @F357@ 1 FAMC @F355@ 0 @I776@ INDI 1 NAME daughter of El/Cid/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F355@ 1 FAMC @F356@ 0 @I777@ INDI 1 NAME Ramiro /Sanchez/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Lord of Monzon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F355@ 0 @I778@ INDI 1 NAME wife of El/Cid/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F356@ 0 @I779@ INDI 1 NAME El /Cid/ 1 NAME the Lord /Champion/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Spanish Warrior 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1040 2 PLAC Vivar, near Burgos 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 10 1099 1 NOTE He was born as Rodigo de Vivar, son of a minor Castilian nobleman, though 2 CONT related on his mother's side to the "great landowing nobility", growing up in 2 CONT the household of a future king, Sancho II (c1038-1072). As a Spanish Warrior, 2 CONT he was at service to King Sancho II until he was assassinated, then offered 2 CONT his services to King Alfonso VI. 1 FAMS @F356@ 0 @I780@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Garcia V/Ramirez/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F357@ 0 @I781@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho /VI/ 1 NAME the /Wise/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1194 1 NOTE He was the first to use the title of King of Navarre instead of Pamplone(?). 2 CONT His daughter married England's Richard the Lionhearted. 1 FAMS @F359@ 1 FAMC @F357@ 0 @I782@ INDI 1 NAME Sancho /VII/ 1 NAME the /Strong/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1154 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1234 1 NOTE A swashbuckling but enigmatic personality who offended the pope with his 2 CONT friendship with Sasacens. He helped defeat Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa in 2 CONT 1212. He would be the last Spanish-descended king for 200 years. 1 FAMC @F359@ 0 @I783@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Sancho/VI/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F359@ 0 @I784@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ramiro/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F360@ 0 @I785@ INDI 1 NAME Queen /Petronilla/ 1 NAME Petronilla // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F361@ 1 FAMC @F360@ 0 @I787@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso II // 1 NAME the /Chaste/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1152 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1196 1 NOTE He undertook the conquest of Valencia and made Cazorla Pact 1199 with Alfonso 2 CONT VIII of Castile, dividing regions of reconquest. A privision in his will 2 CONT alienated Provence from the Aragonese crown. 1 FAMS @F362@ 1 FAMC @F361@ 0 @I788@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Alfonso/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F362@ 0 @I789@ INDI 1 NAME Peter II // 1 NAME the /Catholic/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1174 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 12 1213 2 PLAC Battle of Muret, France 1 NOTE When he married Mary, Lady of Montpellier, the Angonese kingdom extended into 2 CONT southern France. When he went to support his brother-in-law Raymond VI of 2 CONT Toulouse against the crusader Simon de Montfort in Languedoc, he was killed 2 CONT in the Battle of Muret. He was succeeded by his son, James I. 1 FAMS @F363@ 1 FAMC @F362@ 0 @I790@ INDI 1 NAME Mary // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F363@ 0 @I791@ INDI 1 NAME James /I/ 1 NAME the /Conqueror/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon/Catalonia 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 02 1208 2 PLAC Montellier, County of Toulouse, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 27 1276 1 NOTE He was placed under regency at 5 years old of his great-uncle Count Sancho of 2 CONT Roussillin (in Aragon, now in France) until 1218 and began to govern on his 2 CONT own in 1227. He extended his kingdom by conquest and by marrying a daughter 2 CONT of Alfonso VIII of Castile. By his 2nd wife, he had many children, but made 2 CONT his eldest son, Peter, the principal heir. He helped his son-in-law, Alfonso 2 CONT X of Castile, to suppress the Moors. James was a stout, strong, handsome man 2 CONT and was criticized for his many love affairs. 1 FAMS @F364@ 1 FAMS @F365@ 1 FAMC @F363@ 0 @I792@ INDI 1 NAME Leonor // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of Alfonso VIII, King of Castile. 1 FAMS @F364@ 0 @I793@ INDI 1 NAME Yolande // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Andrew II of Hungary. 1 FAMS @F365@ 0 @I794@ INDI 1 NAME Peter III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon & Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1239 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1285 1 REFN See #1143 1 NOTE Son of James I, Peter was known for his great stature and physical strength; 2 CONT conquered Sicily and became its King; repelled French invasions 1285; forced 2 CONT by the nobles and towns to lesson rights of the crown. Peter came to the 2 CONT rescue of the rebellious Sicilians during the war of the "Sicilian Vespers", 2 CONT while Charles of Anjou, aided by his brother King Louis IX of France, dealt 2 CONT with the rebellion against them when Charles began control after the last 2 CONT Hohenstaufen rulers became extinct. Sicily was then under the Aragonese. 1 FAMS @F366@ 1 FAMC @F365@ 0 @I795@ INDI 1 NAME James // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE James, the younger son of James I, received Balearic Islands, Roussellon, and 2 CONT other Pyrenean countries to rule. 1 FAMC @F365@ 0 @I796@ INDI 1 NAME Constance of /Sicily/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The daughter of Manfred, she was bethrothed to the infante Peter of Aragon in 2 CONT 1260. This was a way of strengthening Manfred's position as King of Sicily as 2 CONT "protector of the Italian Ghibellines". 1 FAMS @F366@ 1 FAMC @F688@ 0 @I797@ INDI 1 NAME James II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1266 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 03 1327 2 PLAC Barcelona, Aragon (Spain) 1 NOTE He was made King of Sicily in 1285; succeeded brother Alfonso III in Aragon 2 CONT 1291; exchanged Sicily for Corsica and Sardinia in 1295. When his brother 2 CONT Alfonso III died in 1291, he inherited Aragon, resigning the throne of Sicily 2 CONT in 1295 when he married Blanche, the daughter of Charles II King of Naples 1 FAMS @F367@ 1 FAMC @F366@ 0 @I798@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso III // 1 NAME the Generous, and the/Liberal/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1265 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 18 1291 1 NOTE He was forced to grant wide powers to nobles in 1287. 1 FAMC @F366@ 0 @I799@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F367@ 1 FAMC @F536@ 0 @I800@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso IV // 1 NAME the /Kind/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1299 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 24 1336 2 PLAC Barcelona 1 NOTE This son of James II found revolt in Sardinia leading to war with Genoa. He 2 CONT was well-intentioned but weak. 1 FAMS @F368@ 1 FAMC @F367@ 0 @I801@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Alfonso/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F368@ 0 @I802@ INDI 1 NAME Peter IV // 1 NAME the Cruel, the/Ceremonius/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 05 1319 2 PLAC Balaguer, Catalonia 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 05 1387 2 PLAC Barcelona 1 NOTE Birth date could also be Sep-15-1317(?). Peter was the most cultivated of 2 CONT Spanish 14th-century kings but was also an inveterate political intriguer 2 CONT whis ability to dissemble was notorious. He had an ongoing war with his 2 CONT counterpart, also a Peter known a "the Cruel", from 1356-1366. Later, this 2 CONT Peter pursued a neutral approach to the Hundred Years' War between England 2 CONT and France, with some bias in favor of the English. He was succeeded by his 2 CONT son, John I, to the throne of Aragon. Another John I became king of Castile. 1 FAMS @F369@ 1 FAMC @F368@ 0 @I803@ INDI 1 NAME Violante // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F369@ 0 @I804@ INDI 1 NAME John /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 27 1350 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 16 1395 1 NOTE Influenced by his wife, he pursued a pro-French policy, but refused to become 2 CONT involved with the Hundred Years' War. He died by a fall from his horse, like 2 CONT his namesake and contemporary, John I of Castile. He was a man of 2 CONT insignificant character, with a taste for artificial verse. 1 FAMS @F693@ 1 FAMC @F369@ 0 @I805@ INDI 1 NAME Martin /I/ 1 NAME Martin /de Montblanch/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aragon 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1356 2 PLAC Gerona, Catalonia (Spain) 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 31 1410 2 PLAC Barcelona (Spain) 1 NOTE Martin was succeeded by his nephew, Ferdinand I, as King of Aragon and Sicily 2 CONT in 1412. 1 FAMS @F370@ 1 FAMC @F369@ 0 @I806@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Martin/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F370@ 0 @I807@ INDI 1 NAME Martin II // 1 NAME the /Younger/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1374 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 25 1409 2 PLAC Caagliari, Sardinia (Italy) 1 NOTE See wife, Blanch of Navarre. Martin, prince of Aragon and a skilled soldier, 2 CONT had to subdue a popular revolt to maintain his reign on the island. This 2 CONT Martin left no heir to the throne of Sicily, but was succeeded by his father. 1 FAMS @F371@ 1 FAMS @F372@ 1 FAMC @F370@ 0 @I809@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche of /Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE When Martin II, Martin I of Sicily, died in 1409, he left his kingdom to his 2 CONT second wife, Blanch of Navarre, as regent to his father, Martin I of Aragon, 2 CONT who thus became Martin II of Sicily. The reason for all this shuffling of 2 CONT power was because Martin II, Martin I of Sicily, died without issue - no 2 CONT children as heirs. On the death of her father-in-law, Martin I of Sicily, the 2 CONT succession was contested, and Ferdinand I, having already been chosen king of 2 CONT Aragon, was made king of Sicily, joining Aragon & Sicily for the 300 years. 1 FAMS @F372@ 0 @I810@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ramiro/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F373@ 0 @I811@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Portugal/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F374@ 1 FAMC @F699@ 0 @I812@ INDI 1 NAME Philip II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 21 1527 2 PLAC Valladolid, Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 13 1598 2 PLAC El Escorial, Spain, died of cancer 1 NOTE Controlling several crowns in Europe, as well as having vast possessions in 2 CONT the New World, he seemed to be in constant wars with neighbors to gain 2 CONT control of more (?) - married four times and would be succeeded by son Philip 2 CONT III, son of wife #4, Anna. Philip was King of Portugal as Philip I, having 2 CONT taken the crown upon the death of Henry the Cardinal. Philip failed to 2 CONT suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566) and lost the 2 CONT "Invinsible Armada" in the attempted invasion of England in 1558. 1 FAMS @F375@ 1 FAMS @F376@ 1 FAMS @F377@ 1 FAMS @F378@ 1 FAMC @F374@ 0 @I813@ INDI 1 NAME Maria of /Portugal/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1545 2 PLAC giving birth 1 NOTE Cousin who died giving birth to ill-fated Don Carlos. 1 FAMS @F375@ 0 @I814@ INDI 1 NAME Don /Carlos/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Asturias 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1545 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1568 2 PLAC in prison 1 NOTE Don Carlos showed signs of Instability and was barred from succession by his 2 CONT father; attempted to flee Flanders in 1576; imprisoned in 1568 for plotting 2 CONT against his father with the Dutch leaders; died in prison. 1 FAMC @F375@ 0 @I815@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth of /Valois/ 1 NAME Isabel in /Spanish/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1545 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1568 1 NOTE Daughter of King Henry II of France, her mariage was not a success 2 CONT politically, but she was "much loved". 1 FAMS @F377@ 1 FAMC @F380@ 0 @I816@ INDI 1 NAME Anna // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of Emperor Maximilian, she bore the next King of Spain, Philip III. 2 CONT She was cousin to Philip. 1 FAMS @F378@ 1 FAMC @F379@ 0 @I817@ INDI 1 NAME Philip III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Spain/Naples/Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1578 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1621 1 NOTE King of Naples & Sicily, and as Philip II of Portugal 1598-1621. In contrast 2 CONT to his father, he pursued peace in western Europe, however, backing Austria 2 CONT in the Thirty Years' War. Prime minister Gomez de Sandoval y Rojas, duque de 2 CONT Lerma (1552?-1621), and later Lerma's son, Cristobol, duque de Uceda 2 CONT (fl, 1618) were intrusted to run the government. In 1609, he expelled the 2 CONT last of the Moriscos (Christian converts from Islam). 1 FAMS @F382@ 1 FAMC @F378@ 0 @I818@ INDI 1 NAME Maximilian II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUL 31 1527 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 12 1576 2 PLAC Regensburg (Germany) 1 NOTE He was King of Bohemia 1562-1576, and King of Hungary 1563-1576, the son 2 CONT of Ferdinand I, held a tolerant attitude towards the Protestants in Germany. A 2 CONT patron of the arts, he largely failed to achieve his political goals, both 2 CONT home and abroad. 1 FAMS @F379@ 1 FAMC @F296@ 0 @I819@ INDI 1 NAME Maria // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F379@ 1 FAMC @F374@ 0 @I820@ INDI 1 NAME Henry II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1519 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1559 1 NOTE Henry was largely under the influence of mistress Dian de Poitiers and Anne 2 CONT de Montmorency, constable of France. Of his 7 children, 3 became Kings of 2 CONT France. He was the son of Francis I, King of France. 1 FAMS @F380@ 1 FAMC @F203@ 0 @I821@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /de Medicis/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1519 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1589 1 NOTE Of her 4 sons, 3 became Kings of France. She was the regent for #2 Charles IX 2 CONT during 1560-1563, and had practically complete control during his entire 2 CONT reign (1560-74). Upon son Henry III (#3), she extended some influence, from 2 CONT 1574-1589. She worked to establish legal toleration of Protestants. 2 CONT Traditionally, she may have been implicated in the St. Bartholomew's Day 2 CONT Massacre (August 23-24, 1572), but on unclear evidence. 1 FAMS @F380@ 1 FAMC @F473@ 0 @I825@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /IX/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1550 2 PLAC Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1574 1 NOTE His mother had practically complete control during his entire reign, havng 2 CONT become regent from 1560-1563. Intrigue and religious wars between Roman 2 CONT Catholics and Huguenots (Protestants) marked the course of his reign. In 2 CONT 1572, he was persuaded by Catherine to approve the St. Bartholomew's Day 2 CONT Massacre in which 1,000s of Huguenots were killed. 1 FAMC @F380@ 0 @I826@ INDI 1 NAME Henry III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 19 1551 2 PLAC Fontainebleau 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 02 1589 2 PLAC Saint-Cloud 1 REFN See #1943,#1964 1 NOTE Last of the line of Valois kings, Henry aided in the Huguenots Massacre and 2 CONT would see the wars between the Catholics and the Protestants continuing 2 CONT during his reign. In 1584, his youngest brother died, leaving Henry III of 2 CONT Navarre legal heir to the throne of France to a childless King Henry III of 2 CONT France. The War of the Three Henrys insued, and Henry III of France was 2 CONT stabbed by fanatic Jacque Clement, dying the next day on Aug-02-1589. Henry 2 CONT III of Navarre, Protestant, did then succeed as Henry IV , King of France. 1 FAMS @F942@ 1 FAMC @F380@ 0 @I827@ INDI 1 NAME son of /Henry/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1584 1 FAMC @F380@ 0 @I828@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Austria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE By the treaty of Arras in 1482, Maximilian I, father of Margaret, was forced 2 CONT to consent to the bethrothal of his daughter (Margaret) to Charles VIII of 2 CONT France. In 1486, Maximilian, in order to surround France, married Duchess 2 CONT Anne of Brittany by proxy, but he could not forestall an invasion of Brittany 2 CONT by France. A dramatic setback occurred when Charles VIII sent his finacee 2 CONT Margaret back to her father, Maximilian, and required Anne of Brittany to 2 CONT severe her marriage to Maximilian and to become the queen of France. 1 FAMS @F382@ 1 FAMC @F297@ 0 @I829@ INDI 1 NAME Philip IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Spain/Naples/Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1605 2 PLAC Valladolid 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1665 1 NOTE King of Naples amd Sicily 1621-1665, and as Philip III of Portugal 1621-1640, 2 CONT he, like his father, entrusted administration of government to others, like 2 CONT Gaspar de Guzman, conde de Olivares (1587-1645). Decline of the Spanish 2 CONT empire began with the loss of Portugal 1640, Catalonia 1653 and revolt in 2 CONT Naples 1647, and Netherlands in 1648. He encouraged the arts by painter Diego 2 CONT Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez, dramatist Lope de Vega and poet Pedro 2 CONT Calderon la Barca. 1 FAMS @F392@ 1 FAMS @F393@ 1 FAMC @F382@ 0 @I830@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Volais/ 1 NAME Margueute /de Valois/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1553 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1615 1 NOTE Margaret and her husband, Henry III/IV were 2nd cousins. She was noted for 2 CONT her beauty and learning, notorious for loose living. Involved in political 2 CONT and religious conspiracies of the times, her marriage was dissolved by the 2 CONT Pope in 1599. 1 FAMS @F383@ 1 FAMC @F380@ 0 @I831@ INDI 1 NAME Henry IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 13 1553 2 PLAC Pau, Bearn, Navarre (France) 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 14 1610 2 PLAC Rue Saint-Honore, Paris, France 1 NOTE Henry as Henry III of Navarre, found himself legal heir to the French throne 2 CONT and became King Henry IV of France, the first Bourbon king. He was a 2 CONT protestant and was assassinated by a Catholic extremist. 1 FAMS @F383@ 1 FAMS @F456@ 1 FAMC @F384@ 0 @I832@ INDI 1 NAME Antoine /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King consort of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1518 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1562 1 NOTE Son of Charles de Bourbon, duc de Vendome, he was weak on religious question; 2 CONT at first joined his brother Louis, prince de Conde; involved in conspiracy 2 CONT against Francis II in 1560; after this joined the Catholic forces; killed in 2 CONT assault on Rouen; father to Henry IV, King of France. 1 FAMS @F384@ 1 FAMC @F385@ 0 @I833@ INDI 1 NAME Jeanne d' /Albret/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1528 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1572 1 NOTE Jeanne was the Queen of Navarre and the niece of King Francis I of France. 2 CONT Will expand later under "Kings of France". 1 FAMS @F384@ 1 FAMC @F387@ 0 @I834@ INDI 1 NAME Francois // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke d' Anjou 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1584 1 NOTE When he died in 1584, his brother Henry III becames heir presumptive. 1 FAMC @F384@ 0 @I835@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc de Vendome 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Will expand later under "Kings of France". 1 FAMS @F385@ 0 @I836@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles/de Bourbon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F385@ 0 @I837@ INDI 1 NAME Henry II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Navarre 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1503 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1555 1 FAMS @F387@ 1 FAMC @F388@ 0 @I839@ INDI 1 NAME Jean d' /Albret/ 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F388@ 0 @I840@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine // 1 NAME Catherine /de Foix-Grailly/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Navarre 1 FAMS @F388@ 0 @I842@ INDI 1 NAME Charles II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 06 1661 2 PLAC Madrid, Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 01 1700 2 PLAC Madrid, Spain 1 NOTE Spain was controlled by regency during the decade of his minority and 2 CONT alternately by French and Austrian factions. During his reign, Spain rapidly 2 CONT declined as an international power. He willed his throne to Philip of Anjou, 2 CONT the grandson of Louis XIV of France, thus precipitating the War of the 2 CONT Spanish Succession. This Hapsburg blood line to Charles, therefore, comes to 2 CONT an end. Enters Philip V, the first of the Bourbon family of Kings of Spain. 2 CONT Childless, this led to the dismembering of Spain's European possessions. 1 FAMC @F393@ 0 @I843@ INDI 1 NAME Philip /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 19 1683 2 PLAC Versailles, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 09 1746 2 PLAC Madrid, Spain 1 NOTE Both wives were a strong influence on him. He joined War of the Austrian 2 CONT Succession from 1724-1746 against Maria Teresa in 1741. He was the founder of 2 CONT the Boubon family dynasty of Spain. Philip's whole career was influenced by 2 CONT the fact that he was a grandson of King Louis XIV of France and a great 2 CONT grandson of Philip IV, King of Spain. King Charles II of Spain died without 2 CONT issue & left Philip all his possessions. The refusal of Louis XVI to exclude 2 CONT Philip from the French succession led to the War of the Spanish Succession. 1 FAMS @F396@ 1 FAMS @F397@ 1 FAMC @F390@ 0 @I844@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /de France/ 1 NAME le Grand Dauphin, or/Monseigneur/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Dauphin of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 01 1661 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 14 1711 2 PLAC Meudon, France 1 NOTE Dauphin is the surname for the eldest son of a French king. In 1688, he 2 CONT received nominal command of the French armies in Germany, led by Vauban, but 2 CONT throughout his life he depended on the favors of his strong-willed father and 2 CONT acquired a reputation for timidity, subservience, and---despite an education 2 CONT under the philosopher Bossuet---general mediocrity. His death, preceded by 2 CONT his father's (1715) and the French crown went to his own grandson, Louis XV. 1 FAMS @F390@ 1 FAMC @F391@ 0 @I845@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Anne/ 1 NAME Maria Anne of/Bavaria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1690 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Ferdinand, the elector of Bavaria. Her full name was: 2 CONT Marie-Anne-Christine-Victoire of Bavaria. 1 FAMS @F390@ 1 FAMC @F721@ 0 @I846@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XIV/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 05 1638 2 PLAC Saint Germain-en-Laye 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 01 1715 2 PLAC Versailles, France 1 NOTE Louis's interest in improving Paris never waned, for he razed the city's 2 CONT medieval walls, built the Invalides, a home for disabled veterans, planned 2 CONT the Great Avenue of the Champs-ELysees and refurbished the Cathedral at Notre 2 CONT Dame. Much time was spent at "the showplace of Europe", a palace he had built 2 CONT in Versailles, near Paris. He ruled a war-weary France 'til his health broke 2 CONT in 1715, suffering from fever and gangrene. His final words were to have 2 CONT been, "I depart, France remains." He died Sept-01-1715 at Versailles. 1 FAMS @F391@ 1 FAMS @F398@ 1 FAMC @F395@ 0 @I847@ INDI 1 NAME Marie-Theresa // 1 NAME Marie-Theresa of /Austria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1638 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1683 1 NOTE She and Louis were cousins having a troubled marriage without much love, 2 CONT where only one of their 5 children reached maturity, Dauphin Louis, who died 2 CONT in 1711. A year after their marriage Louis began the first of a succession of 2 CONT royal mistresses. She suffered his infidelities in silence and on her death 2 CONT Louis was to have said, "This is the only trouble she has ever caused me." 2 CONT Louis imposed absolute rule on his kingdom & dominating Europe, the longest 2 CONT reign in European history, and marked the flowering of French culture. 1 FAMS @F391@ 1 FAMC @F392@ 0 @I848@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1644 1 FAMS @F392@ 1 FAMC @F383@ 0 @I849@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Anna/ 1 NAME Maria Anna of/Austria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III. 1 FAMS @F393@ 1 FAMC @F787@ 0 @I852@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XIII/ 1 NAME the /Just/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 27 1601 2 PLAC Fontainebleau, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 14 1643 2 PLAC Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France 1 NOTE Succeeded to the throne upon the assassination of his father, Henry IV. His 2 CONT mother became regent until he became of age in 1614, but she continued to 2 CONT rule for 3 years after that, which Louis deeply resented. Therefore, his 2 CONT relationship with his mother remained one of thinly disguised hostility. 2 CONT Cardinal Richelieu became his principal minister and advisor. The mental 2 CONT health of Louis was instable and his chronic ill health undermined his 2 CONT ability for sustained concentration on affairs of state. Louis XIV Succeeded. 1 FAMS @F395@ 1 FAMC @F456@ 0 @I853@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Austria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 22 1601 2 PLAC Valladolid, Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 20 1666 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE Anne was so extremely grateful for the birth of her son, Louis IV, having been 2 CONT barren of children for the first 20 years of her marriage, that she named her 2 CONT son, Louis Dieudonne, meaning "gift of God". His regency was spared the usual 2 CONT beatings and abuse given French princes by kindly but mediocre tutors. His 2 CONT mother, however, became his main teacher and influence, though he was 2 CONT never able to reslove the tensions between the governing elete committed to 2 CONT efficiency and a society organized by rank, birth and privilege. 1 FAMS @F395@ 1 FAMC @F382@ 0 @I854@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Luisa/ 1 NAME Maria Luisa Gabriela of/Savoy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1688 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1714 1 NOTE Greatly aided Philip in administration of affairs, and acting as regent while 2 CONT he was in Naples during the War of the Spanish Successiom in 1701-03. 1 FAMS @F396@ 1 FAMC @F401@ 0 @I855@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella /Farnese/ 1 NAME of /Parma/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1714-27 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1692 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1766 1 NOTE She was a niece of the Italian prince Francesco Farnese (1678-1727), duke of 2 CONT Parma. She used Spanish power to reduce Austrian influence in Italy, as well 2 CONT as being a big influence upon her husband during his rule. Philip had few 2 CONT intimate friends; his chief interests were religion, hunting, and music. 2 CONT During the last years of his reign he often lapsed into periods of insanity, 2 CONT and his wife largely controlled public affairs. 1 FAMS @F397@ 0 @I856@ INDI 1 NAME Charles III // 1 NAME Don Carlos /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 20 1716 2 PLAC Madrid, Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 14 1788 2 PLAC Madrid, Spain 1 NOTE In the War of the Polish Succession, he conquered Naples and Sicily, becoming 2 CONT Charles VII of Naples, first of the Neopolitan Bourbons, 1734-1759, passing on 2 CONT those thrones to his son Ferdinand. Charles was Duke of Parma 1732-1735 and 2 CONT one of the "enlightened despots" of the 18th century who helped lead Spain to 2 CONT a brief cultural and economic revival. 1 FAMS @F402@ 1 FAMC @F397@ 0 @I857@ INDI 1 NAME Philip // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duchy of Parma 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F397@ 0 @I858@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince/King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 1724 1 NOTE His father, Philip V, abdicated in his favor in January 1724, but when Louis 2 CONT died of smallpox that same year in august, Philip took back the throne of 2 CONT Spain. 1 FAMC @F396@ 0 @I859@ INDI 1 NAME Madame /de Maintenon/ 1 NAME Frabcoise d' /Aubigne/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/mistress 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE After Louis's first wife died, he married this previously obscure woman who 2 CONT urged him to suppress his spectacles and sin. Her husband's personal example 2 CONT of a long, dedicated rule, however, made France the bureaucratic model for 2 CONT 18th century, absolutist Europe. Louis remained loyal to his 2nd wife, for 2 CONT even at the age of 70, she was being extorted by her confessor to continue to 2 CONT fulfilher conjugal duties, according to letters still extant, or existing. 1 FAMS @F398@ 0 @I860@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /VI/ 1 NAME the /Learned/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1713 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1759 1 NOTE Though he was the first Ferdinand of Spain, he numbered himself as VI, after 2 CONT Ferdinand V, King of Castile. Helping to found the Academy of Fine Arts in 2 CONT 1752, an astronomical observary and botanical gardens, he kept Spain at peace 2 CONT from 1748. However, because of depression, and later mad, after the death of 2 CONT his wife in 1758, he left no issue and was succeeded by his half-brother 2 CONT Charles III. 1 FAMS @F399@ 1 FAMC @F396@ 0 @I861@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Barbara /de Braganca/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1758 1 NOTE She was the daughter of King John V of Portugal 1 FAMS @F399@ 1 FAMC @F400@ 0 @I862@ INDI 1 NAME John /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Portugal 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 22 1689 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 31 1750 2 PLAC Lisbon, Portugal 1 NOTE His reign saw an increase in the wealth and power of the crown and a generous 2 CONT patronage of learning, culture, and the church, even though he inherited war & 2 CONT involvement of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) from his father. But peace 2 CONT was finally made with France (1713) and Spain (1715), and the country 2 CONT remained at peace for the most part. With the added wealth from the 2 CONT goldfields, lavish sums were spent on the church and the arts. Later, 2 CONT suffering ill health, the government was tended by incompetent churchmen. 1 FAMS @F400@ 1 FAMC @F201@ 0 @I863@ INDI 1 NAME wife of John/V/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F400@ 0 @I864@ INDI 1 NAME Victor /Amadeus/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Savoy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F401@ 0 @I865@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Victor/Amadeus/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F401@ 0 @I866@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Amalia of/Saxony/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1760 1 NOTE Charles's religious devotion was accompanied by a blameless personal life 2 CONT and a chaste loyalty to the memory of his wife, Maria Amalia, who died in 2 CONT 1760. 1 FAMS @F402@ 0 @I867@ INDI 1 NAME Charles IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1748 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1808 2 PLAC Rome 1 NOTE His wife Maria had complete influence on him, causing a vascillating policy. 2 CONT There were long periods of trouble with Revolutionary France, subservience to 2 CONT Napoleon, war with Portugal and England, his Spanish fleet was destroyed at 2 CONT Trafalgar (1805) and Spain was invaded by French armies(1807). Forced to 2 CONT abdicate, he died in Rome in 1808. 1 FAMS @F403@ 1 FAMC @F402@ 0 @I868@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Luisa of/Parma/ 1 NAME Maria Luisa /Teresa/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1751 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1819 1 NOTE She was the Daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma. 1 FAMS @F403@ 0 @I869@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /VII/ 1 NAME the /Desired/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 14 1784 2 PLAC El Escorial, Spain (near Madrid) 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 29 1833 2 PLAC Madrid, Spain 1 NOTE His reign was disastrous to Spain, which lost all American colonies, as well 2 CONT as European power. His cruel, repressive policies provoked many rebellions. 2 CONT Becoming King upon forced abdication of his father in 1808, Ferdinand was 2 CONT imprisoned by Napoleon 1808-14 and forced to relinquish his crown (France run 2 CONT by Joseph Bonaparte 1808-1813), but his crown was restored after Napoleon's 2 CONT fall in 1814. Tyrannical, absolute rule continued, and after his death came 2 CONT the war between supporters of daughter Isabella and brother Don Carlos. 1 FAMS @F404@ 1 FAMC @F403@ 0 @I870@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Christina /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 27 1806 2 PLAC Naples, Italy 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 23 1878 2 PLAC Sainte-Adresse, France 1 NOTE She was the 4th wife, with no children for Ferdinand, until Christina 2 CONT presented him with a daughter in 1830, the future Isabella II. In 1830 Maria 2 CONT convinced her husband to change the law of succession to allow their daughter 2 CONT Isabella to become queen, an action that deprived the king's brother, Don 2 CONT Carlos, of the Spanish throne and thus eventually precipitated the first 2 CONT Carlist War. Her attempt to participate in the political life of the country 2 CONT during the reign of Isabella II failed, and Maria was forced into exile, 1854. 1 FAMS @F404@ 1 FAMS @F756@ 0 @I871@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella II // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1830 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1904 1 NOTE Made heir by setting aside Salic Law favoring male heirs by father Ferdinand. 2 CONT Her mother acted as regent, while her uncle Don Carlos and his Carlist 2 CONT supporters were "defeated with great violence" claiming the throne in 1839. 2 CONT Declared of age in 1843, her reign was troubled by intrigues, civil strife, 2 CONT and great political instability. Deposed in the Revolution of 1868, she 2 CONT escaped to France, abdicationg in 1870 in favor of her son, Alfonso XII, 2 CONT finally succeeding to the throne in 1875. 1 FAMS @F408@ 1 FAMC @F404@ 0 @I872@ INDI 1 NAME Don /Carlos/ 1 NAME Carlos Maria Isidro/de Barbon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Pretender of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1788 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1855 1 NOTE Became pretender to Spanish throne when brother aborted (1830) the Salic Law 2 CONT favoring male heirs, securing throne for daughter, Isabelle II. Carlos was 2 CONT recognized as King Charles V by supporters and revolted in Carlist wars 2 CONT 1833-39 but was overcome by government forces. Fleeing to France in 1839, he 2 CONT resigned pretensions in favor of his son, Don Carlos 2nd in 1845. 1 FAMS @F405@ 1 FAMC @F403@ 0 @I873@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Don/Carlos/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F405@ 0 @I874@ INDI 1 NAME Don Carlos /(II)/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Pretender of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1818 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1861 1 NOTE Recognized as King Charles VI of Spain by Carlists, he fought a hopeless war 2 CONT in Catalonia 1846-48. He was made prisoner in 1860 and was released upon 2 CONT signing a renunciation of claims, dying without issue, with claims passing to 2 CONT his youngest brother Don Juan in 1860. 1 FAMC @F405@ 0 @I875@ INDI 1 NAME Don /Juan/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Pretender of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Continued carrying the crown as pretender to the Spanish throne, he passed 2 CONT any claims onto his son, Don Carlos, in 1868. 1 FAMS @F406@ 1 FAMC @F405@ 0 @I876@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Dom/Juan/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F406@ 0 @I877@ INDI 1 NAME Don /Carlos/ 1 NAME Carlos Maria de los Dolores/de Borbon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Pretender of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1848 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1909 1 NOTE Succeeded his father, Don Juan, as pretender in 1868, proclaimed as Charles 2 CONT VII of Spain by supporters. He waged a 2nd Carlist civil war 1872-76, then 2 CONT fled to France in 1881, abdicating in 1909 in favor of his son, Don Jaime of 2 CONT Madrid. 1 FAMS @F407@ 1 FAMC @F406@ 0 @I878@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Don/Carlos/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU King Pretender of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F407@ 0 @I879@ INDI 1 NAME Don /Jaime/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King Pretender of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE No further information with regards to the King Pretender of Spain. 1 FAMC @F407@ 0 @I880@ INDI 1 NAME Don Francisco /de Asis/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1822 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1902 1 FAMS @F408@ 0 @I881@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /XII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1857 2 PLAC Madrid, Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1885 1 NOTE Taken to France by his mother when she was deposed, he wouldn't return to 2 CONT Spain as king until 1875, mother having abdicated in his favor in 1870. After 2 CONT suppressing the last of the Carlist supporters, he ordered a new constitution 2 CONT which introduced a 2-party English model system into Spanish politics in 2 CONT 1876. His untimely early death was followed by the long, troubled regency for 2 CONT his wife, Maria Christina of Austria (1858-1929). His son Alfonso XIII would 2 CONT be born Postumously and Maria would take regency control of governing. 1 FAMS @F414@ 1 FAMS @F409@ 1 FAMC @F408@ 0 @I882@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Christina of/Austria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen regent 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1858 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1929 1 NOTE She became Queen regent from November 1885 'til her son was declared of age 2 CONT to rule in 1902. She showed ability and tact; did not oppose the true rulers: 2 CONT the army, the church, and the party leaders of the new parliamentary system 2 CONT of government. Her reign was a period of peace and some progress, except for 2 CONT the Spanish-American War when American possessions were lost. Having resigned 2 CONT her post as regent in 1902, she devoted the rest of her life to social and 2 CONT charitable work. She bore two daughters as well as her one son. 1 FAMS @F409@ 1 FAMC @F413@ 0 @I883@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /XIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 17 1886 2 PLAC Madrid 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 28 1941 2 PLAC Rome, Italy 1 NOTE After being under regency of his mother from 1886-1902, his reign was marked 2 CONT by continued interference in the parliamentary system and his increasing 2 CONT autocratic tendencies, Spain's neutrality in WW I, and the defeat of the 2 CONT Spanish by the Moors in Morocco in 1921. He associated himself with the 2 CONT dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923-1930. Losing support of his army , he 2 CONT refused to abdicate, but left Spain in 1931 to live in exile. Hence, a 2nd 2 CONT Republic from 1931-1939 led to dictatorship under Franco from 1939-1975. 1 FAMS @F410@ 1 FAMC @F409@ 0 @I884@ INDI 1 NAME Victoria Eugenia of/Battenberg/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her husband's slumping popularity also suffered with the notorious attempt 2 CONT on his life and that of hers on their wedding day, May 31, 1096, followed by 2 CONT a succession of plots to assassinate him. 1 FAMS @F410@ 0 @I885@ INDI 1 NAME Juan /Carlos/ 1 NAME See /under/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count de Barcelona 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1993 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of Alfonso XIII, with his eldest brother killed in an auto 2 CONT accident earlier, and the next older brother renouncing his rights to the 2 CONT throne for medical reasons. Popularly known as "Don Juan", his full name is 2 CONT Juan Carlos Teresa Silveiro Alfonso de Borbon y Orleans. Borbon is the 2 CONT Spanish name for French Bourbon. No other information is available on this 2 CONT "Don Juan". 1 FAMS @F411@ 1 FAMC @F410@ 0 @I886@ INDI 1 NAME Maria // 1 NAME See full name/under/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her full name is Maria de las Mercedes de Borbon y Orleans. 1 FAMS @F411@ 0 @I887@ INDI 1 NAME Juan Carlos /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 05 1938 2 PLAC Rome, Italy 1 NOTE Juan Carlos, after a long period of dictatorship rule under General Francisco 2 CONT Franco, returned the country of Spain back to Democracy. Being carefully 2 CONT groomed by Franco, he was proclaimed heir to the throne in 1969, becoming 2 CONT king 2 days after the death of Franco (d. Nov-20-1975) on November 22, 1975. 2 CONT Juan Carlos uses a parliamentary system of government based on a new 2 CONT constitution overwhelmingly approved in 1978. He was born in Rome and 2 CONT educated in Switzerland and Madrid, Spain. 1 FAMS @F412@ 1 FAMC @F411@ 0 @I888@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia of /Greece/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F412@ 0 @I889@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Felipe/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1968 1 NOTE He became heir to the throne of Spain, officially, on his 18th birthday in 2 CONT 1986. 1 NOTE Note: his Spanish family tree on this computer system goes all the way back 2 CONT to Sancho I Garces, 925 AD, in a direct blood line. 1 FAMC @F412@ 0 @I890@ INDI 1 NAME Charles Ferdinand of/Austria/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Archduke of Austria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F413@ 0 @I891@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles Ferdinand of/Austria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Archduchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F413@ 0 @I892@ INDI 1 NAME Maria de las/Mercedes/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1878 1 NOTE She died 6 months into her marriage with Alfonso XII. 1 FAMS @F414@ 0 @I893@ INDI 1 NAME Victor /Emmanuel/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 1st King of united Italy 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 14 1820 2 PLAC Turin, Piedmont, Sardinia (Italy) 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 09 1878 2 PLAC Rome, Italy 1 BURI 2 PLAC Pantheon, Rome 1 REFN See #1597 1 NOTE Son of Charles Albert, he became the first king of a united Italy. Though 2 CONT there were problems between the two of them, Pope Pius IX and Victor, the 2 CONT Pope allowed Victor to be burried in the Pantheon. He was awarded the crown 2 CONT over a united Italy upon the disposition of Francis II, King of Two Sicilies. 2 CONT He had been the king of Sardinia-Piedmot (northern Italy) and with Naples and 2 CONT Sicily, he acquired southern Italy. Succession went to Umberto I, #1576. 2 CONT See the last of the Bourbons, King Francis II, #1575. 1 FAMS @F415@ 0 @I894@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Adelaide/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of an Austrian Archduke. 1 FAMS @F415@ 0 @I895@ INDI 1 NAME Amadeus /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Spain 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 30 1845 2 PLAC Turin, Piedmont 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 18 1890 2 PLAC Turin, Piedmont 1 NOTE The first Spanish Republic was proclaimed after his abdication in 1873, which 2 CONT lasted from 1873-1874. The 2nd son of the future king, Victor Emmanuel II, he 2 CONT was called Amadeus I, duke of Aosta. He was elected King of Spain by the 2 CONT Cortes (parliament), arriving in Spain on Dec-30-1870, the same day Spain's 2 CONT prime minister died. Amadeus faced continuous turmoil. As soon as 2 CONT circumstances permitted, he abdicated gracefully and returned to Italy. 1 FAMC @F415@ 0 @I896@ INDI 1 NAME Carlo /Buonapare/ 1 NAME Bonaparte // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU lawyer 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 29 1746 2 PLAC Ajuccio, Corsica 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 24 1785 2 PLAC Montpellier, France 1 NOTE His family was of an ancient Tuscin nobility emigrating to the Island of 2 CONT Corsica in the 16th century. Appointed judge in 1771 in Paris, paving way for 2 CONT his son's (Napoleon) education and military training in France, he later died 2 CONT of stomach cancer in Paris in 1785 having fathered 8 children with his wife 2 CONT Letiza Romolina. His son Napoleon was born shortly after the cession of 2 CONT Corsica to France by the Genoese. The French occupation was resisted by 2 CONT many, one of those being Pasquale Paoli, whose party Carlo joined. 1 FAMS @F416@ 0 @I897@ INDI 1 NAME Letizia /Ramolina/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 24 1750 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 02 1836 1 NOTE A beautiful and strong-willed girl, she was married at the age of 14 and bore 2 CONT 8 children, with Napoleon being one of them. Once her son Napoleon was exiled 2 CONT to the island of Elba in 1814, he never saw his wife and only son again. 2 CONT Having escaped Elba in Mar-15-1815, he marched into Paris winning over the 2 CONT soldiers sent to capture him. Later, at the Battle of Waterloo, he was 2 CONT defeated on Jun-18-1815 and exiled to the Island of Saint Helena, where he 2 CONT died of stomach cancer, like his father. 1 FAMS @F416@ 0 @I898@ INDI 1 NAME Napoleon /I/ 1 NAME originally Buonaparte\Napoleon /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 15 1769 2 PLAC Ajaccio, on the Island of Corsica 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 05 1821 2 PLAC Island of Saint Helena of stomach cancer 1 BURI 2 PLAC Invalides, Paris, France 1 NOTE His dream was a "federation of free peoples" launched him as the arch-hero of 2 CONT the French and a martyr to the world. "Power is my mystress" was Napoleon, 2 CONT never secure, never satisfied, though he conquered most of Europe before 2 CONT Europe united against one who only wanted change via an end to feudalism and 2 CONT serfdom, freedom of religion, a constitution for each state with a bill of 2 CONT rights and education for all people, with his "Code Napoleon" under his new 2 CONT regime, the Consulate, overthrowing the French monarchy Nov-9/10-1799. 1 FAMS @F417@ 1 FAMS @F424@ 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I899@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /Bonaparte/ 1 NAME originally /Buonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Holland 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1775 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1846 1 FAMS @F418@ 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I901@ INDI 1 NAME Hortense /de Beauharnais/ 1 NAME Hortense de Beauharais/Bonaparte/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1783 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1837 1 NOTE She was Napoleon I's stepdaughter - married Napoleon's brother Louis. 1 FAMS @F418@ 1 FAMC @F421@ 0 @I902@ INDI 1 NAME Napoleon III // 1 NAME Louis-Napoleon /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of France 1852-70 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 20 1808 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 09 1873 2 PLAC Chislehurst, Kent, England 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of Napoleon I's brother Louis, king of Holland (1806-10). 2 CONT He gave his country 2 decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian 2 CONT government, but finally led it to defeat in the Franco-German War (1870-71). 2 CONT Living much of his life in exile, he finally re-entered France to be elected 2 CONT as its first President of the Second Republic. He desolved the legislature 2 CONT because of a one-term presidency and became Emperor of France. He was later 2 CONT deposed on Sept-04-1870 and the Third Republic was declared. 1 FAMS @F419@ 1 FAMC @F418@ 0 @I903@ INDI 1 NAME Eugenia /de Montijo/ 1 NAME Eugenia Maria de Montijo/de Guzman/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1826 2 PLAC Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1920 2 PLAC England 1 NOTE Her husband's health began to fail in 1856, suffering from bladder stone 2 CONT attacks, which temperarily incapacitated him as Emperor, electing a Vice 2 CONT Emperor later. After his 1870 surrender to the Germans and he was released 2 CONT from prison, he returned to England where he had spent time in exile earlier. 2 CONT While living there, he underwent surgery for his bladder stones and died. 2 CONT She was the daughter of a Spanish father and an American mother. 1 FAMS @F419@ 0 @I904@ INDI 1 NAME Napoleon-Eugene /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU soldier 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 16 1856 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 01 1879 2 PLAC Ulundi, Zululand 1 BURI 2 PLAC Chislehurst, Kent, England 1 NOTE He was the only son of Napoleon III. Bonapartists proclaimed him as Napoleon 2 CONT IV and he became the official pretender to the throne of France. Persuaded to 2 CONT attach himself as a volunteer to the British expedition to Zululand in 1879, 2 CONT he was killed by the Zulus at Ulundi, and was later buried at Chislehurst in 2 CONT England. 1 FAMC @F419@ 0 @I905@ INDI 1 NAME Lucien /Bonaparte/ 1 NAME Luciano /Buonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 21 1775 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 29 1840 1 FAMS @F420@ 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I906@ INDI 1 NAME Pierre-Napoleon /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Deputy for Corsica 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 11 1815 2 PLAC Rome, Italy 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 07 1881 2 PLAC Versailles, France 1 NOTE His killing of journalist Victor Noir in January 1870 hastened the radical 2 CONT agitation directed against the Napoleonic authority in charge of the new 2 CONT Second Republic, leading to its final months in government. He was, however, 2 CONT acquited of the murder by a special high court. 1 FAMC @F420@ 0 @I907@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Lucien/Bonaparte/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F420@ 0 @I908@ INDI 1 NAME Josephine // 1 NAME Josephine /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 23 1760 2 PLAC Trois-Ilets, Martinique, West Indies 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 29 1814 2 PLAC Mamaison, France, outside Paris 1 NOTE Her full name was Marie-Josephe-Ros Tascher de La Pagerie, living on the 2 CONT Island of Martinique the first 15 years of her life. Flirtatious, Extravagant, 2 CONT irresponsible, with her inability to produce a son, Napoleon deposed of her 2 CONT without resorting to divorce, the marriage nullified on the grounds (1810) 2 CONT that a parish priest wasn't present at the ceremony. Josephine, however, 2 CONT continued to live in her private residence entertaining lavishly with Napoleon 2 CONT paying the bills, at least 'til he later abdicated. 1 FAMS @F417@ 1 FAMS @F421@ 1 FAMC @F423@ 0 @I909@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU soldier 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 1794 2 PLAC guillotined during the Reign of Terror 1 NOTE A rich young army officer who was ashamed of Josephine's provincial manners 2 CONT and lack of sophistication, declined to present her at the court of 2 CONT Marie-Antoinette at Versailles. Separating in March 1785, the French 2 CONT Revolution at hand with her husband then being part of the Revolutionary 2 CONT army, he fell out of favor by left-wing Jacobins and was guillotined in June 2 CONT 1794. Josephine was imprisoned, but the coup d'etat of 9 Thermdor (July 27) 2 CONT ended the Terror and she was released to catch the eye of one Napoleon. 1 FAMS @F421@ 0 @I910@ INDI 1 NAME Eugene /de Beauharnais/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke von Leuchenberg 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 03 1781 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 21 1824 2 PLAC Munich, Bavaria (Germany) 1 NOTE He was the adopted son of Napoleon I and a French army officer and aide to 2 CONT Napoleon I. He received the title of prince & was appointed archchancellor of 2 CONT state by Napoleon who was genuinely interested in the walefare of his two 2 CONT stepchildren, later both adopted. In 1805, when Napoleon proclaimed himself 2 CONT king of Italy, Eugene became viceroy there, where Eugene built roads and 2 CONT introduced the French legal system. In 1806, he married the daughter of 2 CONT Maximilian I and received the title of Duke von Leuchenberg. 1 FAMS @F422@ 1 FAMC @F421@ 0 @I911@ INDI 1 NAME Amelia /Auguste/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1788 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1851 1 FAMS @F422@ 1 FAMC @F654@ 0 @I912@ INDI 1 NAME Joseph de La/Pagerie/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Naval officer 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was an impoverished aristocrat with a Navy commission stationed on the 2 CONT Island of Martinique. Josephine was his eldest daughter. 1 FAMS @F423@ 0 @I913@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Joseph de La/Pagerie/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F423@ 0 @I914@ INDI 1 NAME Marie-Louise // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress of the French 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 12 1791 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 17 1847 2 PLAC Parma, Italy 1 NOTE Marie-Louise-Leopoldine-Francoise-Terese-Josephine-Lucie was an Austrian 2 CONT archduchess, and the niece of Marie-Antoinette of France. She bore Napoleon a 2 CONT son, long desired heir. Though her father, Francis II, despised Napoleon as 2 CONT an upstart, he did not for reasons of state refuse him the hand in marriage of 2 CONT his daughter, Marie-Louise in 1810. Francis, however, was present at many of 2 CONT the battles of 1813-14, which finally destroyed the French Emperor's powers. 1 FAMS @F424@ 1 FAMS @F431@ 1 FAMS @F432@ 1 FAMC @F429@ 0 @I915@ INDI 1 NAME Napoleon II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Reichstadt 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 20 1811 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 22 1832 2 PLAC Schonbrunn, Austria 1 NOTE His full name was Napoleon-Francois-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte 1 FAMC @F424@ 0 @I916@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Theresa/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Hungary/Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 13 1717 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 29 1780 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 NOTE Hers was a love match, with 16 children, 10 surviving to adulthood. 1 FAMS @F425@ 1 FAMC @F426@ 0 @I917@ INDI 1 NAME Francis /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Holy Roman Emperor 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 08 1708 2 PLAC Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 18 1765 2 PLAC Innsbruck, Austria 1 NOTE Though nominally outranking his wife, the capable but easy going Francis was 2 CONT always overshadowed by her strong personality. His influence on government 2 CONT was inconsiderable except in economic matters. He's better remembered for his 2 CONT cultural interest. His wife, Maria Theresa, mourned his death throughout the 2 CONT 15 years by which she survived him. Though she was the heir to the throne of 2 CONT the Holy Roman Empire, she appointed him as coregent upon the death of her 2 CONT father, Charles VI, the outgoing Holy Roman Emperor. 1 FAMS @F425@ 0 @I918@ INDI 1 NAME Joseph II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 13 1741 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 20 1790 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 NOTE As the eldest son, made co-ruler from 1765, then sole ruler from 1780 of 2 CONT the Habsburg dominions, he was an "enlightened despot", and sought to 2 CONT introduce administrative, legal, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms with 2 CONT only measured success. During his reign, 700 monasteries were dissolved for 2 CONT not being engaged with useful activities as teaching or hospital work, and 2 CONT 36,000 monks were forced to leave their orders, given an annuity or money to 2 CONT return home, during which time many works of art were destroyed. 1 FAMS @F793@ 1 FAMS @F794@ 1 FAMC @F425@ 0 @I919@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 01 1685 2 PLAC Vienna 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 20 1740 2 PLAC Vienna 1 REFN See #1646 1 NOTE He becames Charles III, King of Hungary in 1711 and archduke of Austria, as 2 CONT well as a pretender of the throne of Spain as Charles III, attempting to 2 CONT revive the empire of his 16th century ancestor, Charles V. He was the author 2 CONT of the Pragmatic Sanction, intended to enable his daughter Maria Teresa to 2 CONT succeed him after the extinction of the direct male line of the House of 2 CONT Habsburg. Maria Teresa was forced to fight several wars before she could 2 CONT establish herself securely as her father's heiress. 1 FAMS @F426@ 1 FAMC @F790@ 0 @I920@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfesbuttel. 1 FAMS @F426@ 0 @I921@ INDI 1 NAME Pauline /Bonaparte/ 1 NAME Maria Paulette /originally/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1780 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1825 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I922@ INDI 1 NAME Elisa /Bonaparte/ 1 NAME Maria Anna, /originally/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1777 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1820 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I923@ INDI 1 NAME Louis-Lucien /Bunaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 04 1813 2 PLAC Thorngrove, Worcestershire, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 03 1891 2 PLAC Fano, Italy 1 NOTE He was the 3rd son of Lucien. 1 FAMC @F420@ 0 @I924@ INDI 1 NAME Charles-Lucien /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Scientist 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 24 1804 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 29 1857 1 NOTE Eldest son of surviving brother, Lucien. 1 FAMC @F420@ 0 @I925@ INDI 1 NAME Marie-Antoinette // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort of King 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 02 1755 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 16 1793 2 PLAC Paris, France, guillotined 1 NOTE The 11th daughter of Francis I and Maria Theresa was frivalous and impudent. 2 CONT Her husband's permitting her to unduly influence him was a major factor in 2 CONT his downfall as the last Bourbon monarch before the 1789 French Revolution, a 2 CONT revolution called by the National Convention (elected French deputies) due 2 CONT primarily to a bankrupt French government. Both she and her husband were 2 CONT guillotined for "counterrevolution". 1 FAMS @F435@ 1 FAMC @F425@ 0 @I926@ INDI 1 NAME Leopold II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 05 1747 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 01 1792 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 NOTE Made archduke of Austria upon the death of brother Joseph II, Leopold is 2 CONT considered one of the most capable of the 18th-century reformist rulers known 2 CONT as the "enlightened despots." Although he dismantled some of the centralized 2 CONT state machinery that Joseph had set up in the Habsburg domains, he kept in 2 CONT force Joseph's decrees that emancipated the peasantry and granted increased 2 CONT religious liberty to non-catholics. Leopold died less than two months before 2 CONT France declared war on Austria. 1 FAMS @F428@ 1 FAMC @F425@ 0 @I927@ INDI 1 NAME Francis II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 12 1768 2 PLAC Florence, Italy 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 02 1835 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 NOTE He was the last of the Holy Roman Emperors (1792-1806) dating back to 800 and 2 CONT Charles I, or Charlemagne of France. King of Hungary (1792-1830) and Bohemia 2 CONT (1792-1835), he received his education from his uncle, Emperor Joseph II, who 2 CONT didn't like his nephew's unimaginative outlook and stubbornness, but praised 2 CONT his application & sense of duty. Francis inherited the problems of the French 2 CONT Revolution when Napoleon dictated dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and 2 CONT Francis abdicated in 1806. 1 FAMS @F429@ 1 FAMC @F428@ 0 @I928@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Louisa of/Spain/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F428@ 0 @I929@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand I the/Benign/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Austria 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 19 1793 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 29 1875 2 PLAC Prague, Bohemia 1 REFN See #1838 1 NOTE Abdicated in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph, in Olmutz on Dec-02-1848. He 2 CONT was the last of the Habsburg family to be crowned King of Bohemia in 1836 and 2 CONT crowned king of Lombardy and Venetia in 1838. Because of his limited abilities 2 CONT (feeblemindness and epilepsy), government affairs were controlled by a body 2 CONT of counselors know as the "state conference". Also, crowned King of Hungary 2 CONT in 1830. 1 FAMC @F429@ 0 @I930@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Theresa of/Naples-Sicily/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her husband was a patron of the arts and sciences and did not hesitate to 2 CONT introduce innovations, such as steamboats on the Danube, or to show an 2 CONT interest in the development of railroads. 1 FAMS @F429@ 0 @I931@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Carolina/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 13 1752 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 08 1814 2 PLAC Vienna, Austria 1 NOTE She, according to the marriage contract to Ferdinand, through the birth of a 2 CONT male heir, was given the right to enter the council of state (1777), bringing 2 CONT about the downfall of the former regent Bernardo Tnaucci and engaging 2 CONT Naples in the Austrian-English coalition against the French Revolution in 2 CONT 1793. Encouraged by the arrival of the British fleet, Ferdinand attacked the 2 CONT French-supported Roman republic in 1798, but in December, the French invaded 2 CONT Naples declaring it the Parthenopean Republic, which was overthrown in 1799. 1 FAMS @F750@ 1 FAMC @F425@ 0 @I933@ INDI 1 NAME Adam /Adalbert/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count von Neippberg 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The first of a morganatic marriage in her later life after the death of 2 CONT Napoleon. She already had two children by him when they married(?). 1 FAMS @F431@ 0 @I934@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /Rene/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Bombelles 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1784 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1856 1 NOTE The second morganatic marriage for her after the death of Napoleon. 2 CONT Morganatic means to marry someone of lower class of royalty. 1 FAMS @F432@ 0 @I935@ INDI 1 NAME Jerome /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1784 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1860 1 NOTE He was the youngest brother to Napoleon I. 1 FAMS @F433@ 1 FAMS @F589@ 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I936@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /Patterson/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU American socialite 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1785 2 PLAC Baltimore, Maryland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1879 1 NOTE Her marriage to Jerome was never recognized by Napoleon and the French 2 CONT council of state annuled the marriage in 1805. She lived most of the time in 2 CONT Europe from 1815-1840. 1 FAMS @F433@ 0 @I937@ INDI 1 NAME Philip II // 1 NAME the /Landless/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Savoy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F434@ 0 @I938@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Philip/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F434@ 0 @I939@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XVI/ 1 NAME Luis-Augustus // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 23 1754 2 PLAC Versailles, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 21 1793 2 PLAC Paris, France, guillotined 1 NOTE The deaths of two elder brothers and his father made the young Prince Louis 2 CONT Dauphin of France in 1765 (heir to the throne), succeeding his grandfather 2 CONT Louis XV. On Louis's accession, France was impoverished and burdened with 2 CONT debts, and heavy taxation had resulted in wide spread misery among the French 2 CONT people. He was weak and incapable as a king, and not overly intelligent, 2 CONT preferring to spend time with his hobbies rather than his duties of state. 2 CONT The king was tried as a traitor and condemned to death by guillotine. 1 FAMS @F435@ 1 FAMC @F436@ 0 @I940@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XVII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France (titular) 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1785 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1795 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE The son and Dauphin (heir) of Louis XVI, 8-year old Louis was recognized as 2 CONT king by the French Royalists after his father's execution. Officially, he 2 CONT died of Tuberculosis while a prisoner of the Republican Government in Paris. 2 CONT Many believed he had escaped from prison, for later, more than 20 claimed 2 CONT to be the the "lost Dauphin". 1 FAMC @F435@ 0 @I941@ INDI 1 NAME Dauphin /Louis/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU dauphin of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1729 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1765 1 NOTE He was the only son was Louis XV. He was pious, opposed to new ideas, 2 CONT friendly to jesuits and had 3 sons, all whom became kings of France: Louis 2 CONT XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X, 1 FAMS @F436@ 1 FAMC @F437@ 0 @I942@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Josepha of/Saxony/ 1 NAME Maria of /Saxony/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was his second wife. 1 FAMS @F436@ 0 @I943@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XVIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1755 2 PLAC Versailles, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1824 1 NOTE He was the first king after the Monarchy was restored with the abdication of 2 CONT Napoleon I in 1814. On Napoleon's return in 1815, he fled to Belgium, but 2 CONT later that year he was restored again after the Battle of Waterloo. He lived 2 CONT in exile in several countries after the coming of the French Revolution. His 2 CONT brother Charles X later succeeded him to the French crown. 1 FAMC @F436@ 0 @I944@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /X/ 1 NAME Monsieur, byname /1795-1824/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 09 1757 2 PLAC Versailles, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 06 1836 2 PLAC Gorgia, Fruili 1 NOTE He succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. His reign dramatized the failure of the 2 CONT Bourbons, after their restoration, to reconcile the tradition of the monarchy 2 CONT by divine right with the democratic spirit produced in the wake of the French 2 CONT Revolution of 1789. When he made the highly unpopular prince Jules de 2 CONT Polignac minister of government, a formidable agitation sprang up which 2 CONT culminaterd in the July Revolution of 1839. On Aug-02-1830, he abdicated in 2 CONT favor of his grandson, Louis-Philippe, Duc-de Bordeaux. 1 FAMC @F436@ 0 @I945@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XV/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 15 1710 2 PLAC Versailles, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 10 1774 1 NOTE Succeeded his G-grandfather Louis XIV, and he in turn was succeeded by his 2 CONT grandson, Louis XVI. Louis XV's failure to provide a strong leadership and 2 CONT badly needed reforms contributed to the crisis that brought on the French 2 CONT Revolution. His phophecy was reported to have been: "After me, the deluge" 2 CONT was fulfilled in the overthrow of the French monarchy less than two decades 2 CONT later. Having gain the crown at age 5, France was governed by regency 'til 2 CONT 1723 by Philippe II, duc d' Orleans. 1 FAMS @F437@ 1 FAMC @F566@ 0 @I946@ INDI 1 NAME Marie /Leszczynska/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1703 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1768 1 FAMS @F437@ 1 FAMC @F565@ 0 @I947@ INDI 1 NAME Caroline /Bonaparte/ 1 NAME Marie-Annonciade /originally/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Naples 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 25 1782 2 PLAC Ajaccio, Corsica 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 18 1839 2 PLAC Florence, Italy 1 REFN See #1569 1 NOTE Youngest sister of Napoleon I, she bore two sons and two daughters. 1 FAMS @F438@ 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I948@ INDI 1 NAME Joaquim /Murat/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Naples 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 25 1767 2 PLAC La Bastide, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 13 1815 2 PLAC Pizzo, Calabria, executed/firing squad 1 REFN See #1254 1 NOTE A French cavalry leader was one of Napoleon's most celebrated marshals 2 CONT receiving many rewards from Napoleon such as the hand in marriage to 2 CONT Caroline, Governor of Paris 1804, title of grand duke of Berg and Cleves, 2 CONT General then Marshall of Napoleon's army, Emperor of Spain 1803, and King of 2 CONT Naples from 1808. After Austria had invaded Italy, he later tried to reclaim 2 CONT his throne in 1815, but was taken prisoner and shot. 1 FAMS @F438@ 0 @I949@ INDI 1 NAME Napoleon-Achille // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1801 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1847 2 PLAC Florida, U.S.A. 1 NOTE The eldest son of Murat, he went to the U.S. in 1821, took U.S. citizenship 2 CONT and later died in Florida. 1 FAMC @F438@ 0 @I950@ INDI 1 NAME Napoleon-Lucien-Charles // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1803 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1878 1 NOTE The younger son of Murat, he went to the U.S. in 1825 but returned to France 2 CONT in 1848 and was recognized as Prince Murat under the Second Empire by 2 CONT Napoleon III. From him descends the princely House of Murat, surviving into 2 CONT the 20th century. 1 FAMC @F438@ 0 @I951@ INDI 1 NAME Louis-Philippe // 1 NAME chose King of the French over Philip/VII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the French 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 06 1773 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 26 1850 2 PLAC Claremont, Surrey, England 1 NOTE Louis-Philippe was the last of the French monarchs. France had gone through 2 CONT the First Republic from 1792-1799 after Louis XVI, into the years of Napoleon 2 CONT Bonaparte as First Council from 1799-1804, into the First Empire under 2 CONT Napoleon I as Emperor from 1804-1814, into the Bourbon Restoration from 2 CONT 1814-1848, into the Second Republic from 1848-1852, into the Second Empire 2 CONT under Emperor Napoleon III from 1852-1870, and finally, into the Third 2 CONT Republic from 1871 on. Monarchy in France had died on February 24, 1848. 1 FAMS @F439@ 1 FAMC @F452@ 0 @I952@ INDI 1 NAME Marie /Amelia/ 1 NAME Marie-Ameli /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1782 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1866 2 PLAC Claremont, Surrey, England 1 NOTE The daughter of Fredinand IV, King of Naples took no interest in politics. 2 CONT Exiled in 1848, she lived at Claremont, England from 1848-1866 1 FAMS @F439@ 0 @I953@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand-Philippe // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU soldier 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1810 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1842 1 NOTE Served in Algeria 1835-1840. 1 FAMS @F445@ 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I954@ INDI 1 NAME Marie-Louise // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1812 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1850 1 FAMS @F440@ 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I955@ INDI 1 NAME Marie // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Artist 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1813 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1839 1 NOTE She was the wife of Prince Frederick of Wurttemberg. As an artist, she is 2 CONT best remembered for her statue of Joan of Arc. 1 FAMS @F442@ 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I956@ INDI 1 NAME Louis-Charles // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Colonel of calvary 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1814 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1896 1 NOTE He was involved in attempts to restore the Bourbon monarchy. 1 FAMS @F453@ 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I957@ INDI 1 NAME Clementine // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1817 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1907 1 FAMS @F443@ 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I958@ INDI 1 NAME Francois-Ferdinand // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Rear Admiral in Navy 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1818 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1900 1 NOTE He was on the staff of General McClellan in the U.S. Civil War 1861-1862. 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I959@ INDI 1 NAME Henri-Eugene // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Author 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1822 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1897 1 NOTE He was author of historical and political works and governor general of 2 CONT Algeria 1847-1848. 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I960@ INDI 1 NAME Antoine // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc de Montpensier 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1824 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1890 1 NOTE He was in the Spanish army from 1857-1859. 1 FAMS @F444@ 1 FAMC @F439@ 0 @I961@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /Henrietta/ 1 NAME Maria Henrietta of/Austria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F441@ 0 @I962@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wurttemberg 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F442@ 0 @I963@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinand /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Bulgaria 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1861 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1948 1 NOTE He abdicated in 1918 in favor of his son, Boris III. 1 FAMS @F446@ 1 FAMC @F443@ 0 @I964@ INDI 1 NAME Augustus // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Saxe-Coburg 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F443@ 0 @I965@ INDI 1 NAME Louisa // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F444@ 1 FAMC @F404@ 0 @I966@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ferdinand-Philippe/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F445@ 0 @I967@ INDI 1 NAME Louis-Philippe-Albert // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU comte de Paris 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 24 1838 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 08 1894 2 PLAC Stow House Twickenham, Middlesex England 1 NOTE He was the pretender to the throne of France. He lived in England and served 2 CONT as captain of volunteers on the staff of General McClellan in the U.S. Civil 2 CONT War in 1861-1862. On the death of comte de Chambord in 1883, he became head 2 CONT of Legitimits (political party ?), exiled from France in 1886. During the 2 CONT Revolution of 1848, he was taken into exile in England. 1 FAMS @F455@ 1 FAMC @F445@ 0 @I968@ INDI 1 NAME Robert-Philippe // 1 NAME Robert-Philippe-Louis-Eugene-Ferdinand // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc de Chartres 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1840 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1910 1 NOTE He lived in Germany and England in 1848-1858. He served with his brother on 2 CONT McClellan's staff in 1861-1862 and was in the French army in 1870-1871. 1 FAMC @F445@ 0 @I969@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ferdinand/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F446@ 0 @I970@ INDI 1 NAME Boris III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Bulgaria 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1894 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1943 1 NOTE Ruling for 15 years as a constitutional monach, he took little part in 2 CONT politics. In 1934, the Bulgarian premier suspended the constitution & set up a 2 CONT military dictatorship; the following year Boris took over as dictator. During 2 CONT WW II he allied with the axis powers and was reportedly assassinated by 2 CONT German agents in 1943. 1 FAMC @F446@ 0 @I971@ INDI 1 NAME Philippe /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1640 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1701 1 NOTE Brother of Louis XIV, he succeeded his uncle Gaston as duc d' Orleans in 2 CONT 1660. 1 FAMS @F447@ 1 FAMS @F448@ 1 FAMC @F395@ 0 @I972@ INDI 1 NAME Henrietta /Anne/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F447@ 1 FAMC @F17@ 0 @I973@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /Charlotte/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Elector Palatine. 1 FAMS @F448@ 0 @I974@ INDI 1 NAME Philippe II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans from 1701 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1674 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1723 1 NOTE He was regent of France during the minority of Louis XV, King of France. 1 FAMS @F449@ 1 FAMC @F448@ 0 @I975@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Philippe/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F449@ 0 @I976@ INDI 1 NAME Louis // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans from 1723 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1703 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1752 1 NOTE He was governor of Dauphine 1719-1742. A student of literature and sciences, 2 CONT he retired from public life in 1742. 1 FAMS @F450@ 1 FAMC @F449@ 0 @I977@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Louis/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F450@ 0 @I978@ INDI 1 NAME Louis-Philippe // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans from 1752 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1725 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1785 1 NOTE He served in the Austrian War and in the Seven Years' War from 1742-1757. 1 FAMS @F451@ 1 FAMC @F450@ 0 @I979@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Louis-Philippe/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F451@ 0 @I980@ INDI 1 NAME Louis-Philippe-Joseph // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans from 1785 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1747 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1793 2 PLAC guillotined 1 NOTE He was duc d' Montpensier from 1747, duc d' Chartres from 1752 and duc d' 2 CONT Orleans from 1785. His liberal ways found him temporarily banished from the 2 CONT court for challenging the king's authority (1787) before the Parlement of 2 CONT Paris. Aiding in the French Revolution against the crown, he renounced his 2 CONT title and accepted the name of Philippe Egalite on the fall of the monarachy 2 CONT in 1792. Accused of being an accomplice of Dumouriez, he was arrested and 2 CONT guillotined in 1793. His son would become the final monarch of France. 1 FAMS @F452@ 1 FAMC @F451@ 0 @I981@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide /de Bourbon/ 1 NAME Adelaide /de Bourbon-Penthievre/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F452@ 0 @I982@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess of Orleans 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1797 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1847 1 NOTE French noblewoman, sister of king Louis-Philippe, who was influential in 2 CONT persuading him to accept the crown of France in 1830. 1 FAMC @F452@ 0 @I983@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Louis-Charles/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F453@ 0 @I984@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Louis-Philippe/ 1 NAME Louis-Philippe-Marie-Ferdinand-Gaston // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU comte d' Eu 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1842 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1922 1 NOTE He entered the Brazilian army and became commander in chief of allied forces 2 CONT in war with Paraguay. Unpopular because of his extreme views, he was forced 2 CONT to leave Brazil on the downfall of the empire in 1889. 1 FAMS @F454@ 1 FAMC @F453@ 0 @I985@ INDI 1 NAME Isabel of /Brazil/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F454@ 0 @I986@ INDI 1 NAME Isabelle d' /Orleans-Montpensier/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess de Paris 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She and her husband were cousins. 1 FAMS @F455@ 0 @I987@ INDI 1 NAME Louis-Philippe-Robert // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU scientist/explorer 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1869 2 PLAC Twickenham, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1926 1 NOTE After being banished (by law of 1886) from France, he made his home in 2 CONT England. When he returned to offer his services to France, he was arrested 2 CONT and imprisoned. Although a pretender to the throne of France, he diverted his 2 CONT attention to exploration and to science. He became a scientist of distinction 2 CONT and led explorations to the Arctic regions in 1905, 1907, & 1919, as well as 2 CONT to British East Africa in 1922-1923. 1 FAMC @F455@ 0 @I988@ INDI 1 NAME Marie /de Medicis/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1573 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1642 1 NOTE After the murder of her husband, she became regent for her son Louis XIII, 2 CONT 1610-1617; confided in her favorite, Concino, Concino, marquis d' Ancre; 2 CONT pursued pro-Spanish policy; squandered state revenues; exiled to Blois by king 2 CONT on assumption of rule, 1617; restored to place in kings council 1622; after 2 CONT unsuccessful attempt to persuade Louis to dismiss Richelieu (Day of the 2 CONT Dupes, Nov-10-1630), she was banished from France in 1631. She plotted vainly 2 CONT until her death against Richelieu. 1 FAMS @F456@ 1 FAMC @F457@ 0 @I989@ INDI 1 NAME Francesco /I/ 1 NAME Francesco de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Tuscany 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1541 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1587 2 PLAC Poisoned/murdered 1 NOTE He was a tool of Emperor Maximilian II and of Philip II of Spain; a capable 2 CONT but despotic ruler who founded Accademia della Crusca. He was poisoned by his 2 CONT wife my mistake - she wanted to poison his brother, Cardinal Ferdinando. 1 FAMS @F457@ 1 FAMS @F459@ 1 FAMC @F464@ 0 @I990@ INDI 1 NAME Joanna // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the sister of Maximilian II. 1 FAMS @F457@ 1 FAMC @F296@ 0 @I991@ INDI 1 NAME Gaston // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans from 1626 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1608 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1660 1 NOTE The 3rd son of Henry IV of France, he spent most of his life conspiring 2 CONT against Richelieu and Mazarin. After the death of brother Louis VIII, he led 2 CONT armies against Spain; joined Condeagainst court in the Fronde, 1648-1652. 1 FAMS @F458@ 1 FAMC @F456@ 0 @I992@ INDI 1 NAME Marie /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess de Montpensier 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F458@ 0 @I993@ INDI 1 NAME Anne-Marie-Louise // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess de Montpensier 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1627 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1693 1 NOTE She was opposed by Mazarin; aided Condein revolt of the Fronde (1651-52) and 2 CONT commanded troops which opposed Orleans 1652; banished from court (1652-57 & 2 CONT 1662-64); love affair with the comte de Lauzun, who as a result, was 2 CONT imprisoned in the Bastille from 1670-1680; later married him in 1681or 82; 2 CONT wrote "Memoires" published in 1729. 1 FAMC @F458@ 0 @I994@ INDI 1 NAME Bianca /Cappello/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1542 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1587 2 PLAC poisoned/suicide 1 NOTE Francesco's long-time mistress. She simulated pregnancy and palmed off on 2 CONT him a son as his own, a son of a commoner. They were married in 1578; she was 2 CONT proclaimed Grand Duchess four months later. Then ,she prepared poison for her 2 CONT brother-in-law Cardinal Ferdinando, and her husband accidentally drank it. 2 CONT Seeing her mistake, she took the poison and died within a day of her husband. 1 FAMS @F459@ 0 @I996@ INDI 1 NAME Vladislas II // 1 NAME Ulaszlo II, as King of/Hungary/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1456 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 13 1516 2 PLAC Buda, Hungary 1 NOTE King of Bohemia from 1471 and of Hungary from 1490, achieving the personal 2 CONT union of his two realms. He was the eldest son of Casimir IV Jagiello, King 2 CONT of Poland. During his compliant and vascillating reign, in both Bohema and 2 CONT Hungary, the nobility widely extended in powers and strengthened their hold 2 CONT on the already oppressed peasantry. His birth name was Wladyslaw. 1 FAMS @F462@ 1 FAMC @F931@ 0 @I997@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Vladislas/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F462@ 0 @I998@ INDI 1 NAME Louis II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary & Bohemia 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUL 01 1506 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 29 1526 2 PLAC Mohacs, Hungary 1 REFN See #651 1 NOTE He was the last of the Jagiello line to rule these countries, the only son of 2 CONT Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary. He was a sickly child, but intelligent, 2 CONT who was declared king before his father died to assure him the crowns, but 2 CONT declared to rule on Dec-11-1521. He married Maria of Austria and both of them 2 CONT pursued a life of riotous pleasure, soon disqualifying the teenage king from 2 CONT the affairs of state. When the Ottoman Turks attacked Hungary in 1526, he was 2 CONT said to have drowned while fleeing a battlefield. 1 FAMS @F719@ 1 FAMC @F462@ 0 @I1001@ INDI 1 NAME Cosimo /I/ 1 NAME Cosimo de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Tuscany 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1519 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1574 1 NOTE He was the great-great-grandson of Lorenzo de' Medici, the Elder. 1 FAMS @F464@ 0 @I1002@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Cosimo/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Grand Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F464@ 0 @I1003@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinando /I/ 1 NAME Ferdinando de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Duke of Tuscany 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1549 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1609 1 NOTE He was cardinal until he married, then fathered a son, Cosimo II. 1 FAMS @F476@ 1 FAMC @F464@ 0 @I1004@ INDI 1 NAME Pietro de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He murdered his wife possiblly the same night his sister murdered her husband, 2 CONT Jul-9/10-1576. 1 FAMS @F465@ 1 FAMC @F464@ 0 @I1005@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella /de Medicis/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She murdered her husband on/about the same day as one of her brother's who 2 CONT killed his wife. Why?? 1 FAMS @F466@ 1 FAMC @F464@ 0 @I1006@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanora del /Toledo/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 9/10 1576 2 PLAC murdered by spouse 1 FAMS @F465@ 0 @I1007@ INDI 1 NAME Paolo Giordano /Orsini/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc de Baracciano 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 10 1576 2 PLAC murdered by spouse 1 NOTE He was murdered by his wife on Jul-10-1576. 1 FAMS @F466@ 0 @I1008@ INDI 1 NAME Giovanni di' Bicci de'/Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Businessman 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1360 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1429 1 NOTE Gonfalonier means head of the Signoria, the council of government. Giovanni, 2 CONT considered the first of the great Medicis, inherited the family businesses 2 CONT from his father, Averardo. He had two sons, Cosimo and Lorenzo, both 2 CONT acquiring the apellation of "the Elder" founding the famous lines of the 2 CONT Medici family. 1 FAMS @F467@ 1 FAMC @F470@ 0 @I1009@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Giovanni de' Bicci de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F467@ 0 @I1010@ INDI 1 NAME Cosimo de' Medici, the/Elder/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Politician & businessman 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1389 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1464 1 NOTE Cosimo, the older brother, established the political base of the family, 2 CONT serving on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (the Ten), and other 2 CONT posts in government. His two sons were Piero and Giovanni. 1 FAMS @F468@ 1 FAMC @F467@ 0 @I1011@ INDI 1 NAME Lorenzo de' Medici, the/Elder/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1394 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1440 1 NOTE He and his brother were both given the apellation of "the Elder" for founding 2 CONT a branch of the family tree. This line has little written history to cover 2 CONT this Lorenzo to his great-great-grandson Cosimo I (1519-1574) except for the 2 CONT family tree table in the Encylopaedia Britannica. This link will be joined in 2 CONT this program but the names shown within the table don't make as much sense as 2 CONT they should. The fact remains, however, that Cosimo I was, indeed, the 2 CONT great-great-grandson of Lorenzo the Elder. The links will herein be joined. 1 FAMS @F497@ 1 FAMC @F467@ 0 @I1012@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Cosimo de' Medici, the/Elder/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F468@ 0 @I1013@ INDI 1 NAME Piero de' /Medici/ 1 NAME the /Gouty/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Businessman 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1416 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1469 1 NOTE Piero maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. Like 2 CONT his father before him, he also fathered two sons: Giuliano and Lorenzo. 1 FAMS @F469@ 1 FAMC @F468@ 0 @I1014@ INDI 1 NAME Giovanni de'/Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1424 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1463 1 NOTE Giovanni died before his father), who in death received the title, "Father of 2 CONT his country." 1 FAMC @F468@ 0 @I1015@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Piero de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F469@ 0 @I1016@ INDI 1 NAME Giuliano de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1453 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1478 2 PLAC Assassinated 1 FAMS @F481@ 1 FAMC @F469@ 0 @I1017@ INDI 1 NAME Lorenzo the /Magnificant/ 1 NAME the /Magnifico/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU statesman and poet 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1449 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1492 1 NOTE Inheriting from his forebears a deep respect for arts and letters, he became 2 CONT a poet hinself as well as a patron of artists and a skilled statesman. His 2 CONT three children, however, played contrasting roles in the city's (Florence) 2 CONT history. In commeration of his death and the death of his son Giuliano at 2 CONT relatively young ages, the Medici family commissioned Michelangelo to 2 CONT complete the Medici tombs in Florence. 1 FAMS @F471@ 1 FAMC @F469@ 0 @I1018@ INDI 1 NAME Averardo de' /Medici/ 1 NAME Averardo detto /Bicci/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU cloth/silk manufacturing 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The French Medicis, Italian bourgeous family that ruled Florence, and later 2 CONT Tuscany, from 1434-1737. Originally of Tuscan peasant origin, from the 2 CONT village of Cafaggiolo in the Mugello, the valley of the Sieve, north of 2 CONT Florence. With much of the family able to escape the European depression of 2 CONT 1340, Averardo's progeny became the famous, historical, Medici branch. His 2 CONT son, Giovanni, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk 2 CONT manufacturing and banking, making the family powerfully prosperous. 1 FAMS @F470@ 1 FAMC @F496@ 0 @I1019@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Averardo de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE There is little written about the wives during these times. The Medici 2 CONT family provided history with 4 popes and 2 Queens (consorts) of France. They 2 CONT had a common thread in their makeup of confronting their adversaries with 2 CONT bribes of gold rather than with battalions of armed men. They had a passion 2 CONT for the arts and letters, and for building. They were more than beneficient 2 CONT and ostentatious patrons of the arts; they were also enlightened, and were 2 CONT probably the most magnificient such patrons that the West has ever seem. 1 FAMS @F470@ 0 @I1020@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Lorenzo the/Magnificant/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Once again, little is known of the wives of this period and of this family. 1 FAMS @F471@ 0 @I1021@ INDI 1 NAME Piero de' /Medici/ 1 NAME the /Unfortunate/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU statesman of Florence 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1472 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1503 1 NOTE Piero, inheriting the mantle of family power from his father Lorenzo, 2 CONT alienated the people of Florence by siding with the French. Because of this 2 CONT act, considered a betrayal, the Medici had to flee Florence (1494). Brother 2 CONT Giovanni, then a cardinal, used his influence with Pope Julius II to bring 2 CONT the family back to the positions of power. 1 FAMS @F472@ 1 FAMC @F471@ 0 @I1022@ INDI 1 NAME Giovanni de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Pope Leo X 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1475 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1521 1 NOTE Giovanni became Pope Leo X. From 1513-1521, years considered to be the apogee 2 CONT of the Medici age, has been called "the century of Leo X". Leo X surrounded 2 CONT himself by 5 nephews and cousins whom he named cardinals, but he ruled less 2 CONT over Christianity than over arts and letters in the style of his father, 2 CONT Lorenzo the Magnificient, too occupied with the patronage to pay attention to 2 CONT an unimportant monk by the name of Martin Luther. 1 FAMC @F471@ 0 @I1023@ INDI 1 NAME Giuliano de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc de Nemours 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1479 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1516 1 NOTE Giuliano, who received the French title of duc de Nemours, was in poor health 2 CONT and died relatively young. 1 FAMC @F471@ 0 @I1024@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Piero de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F472@ 0 @I1025@ INDI 1 NAME Lorenzo II de'/Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Urbino 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1492 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1519 1 NOTE Lorenzo II fathered Catherine who became the Queen of France as wife of Henry 2 CONT II; 3 of 4 of her sons went on to become kings of France. 1 FAMS @F473@ 1 FAMC @F472@ 0 @I1026@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Lorenzo II de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F473@ 0 @I1029@ INDI 1 NAME Giulio de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Pope Clement VII 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 26 1478 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 25 1534 1 NOTE He was the "illegitimate" son of Giuliano de' Medici. He, too, had an 2 CONT illegitimate son, fathered before the priesthood, Alessandro. Giulio was 2 CONT raised by his uncle Lorenzo the Magnificient. By the 1520s the descendants of 2 CONT Cosimo the Elder had become few in numbers. To insure that a Medici of the 2 CONT Cosimo line would continue to rule Florence, Giulio, then Pope Clement VII, 2 CONT installed his own illegitimate son as hereditary duke of Florence. That same 2 CONT year (1532) Clement VII abolished the city's old constitution. 1 FAMS @F475@ 1 FAMC @F481@ 0 @I1030@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Giulio de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F475@ 0 @I1031@ INDI 1 NAME Alessandro de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Florence 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1511 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1537 2 PLAC Assassinated 1 NOTE As duke, he proved to be a cruel and brutal authoritarian. Ruling for 5 2 CONT years, he was assassinated by a companion who was also a relative(?). 1 FAMC @F475@ 0 @I1032@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ferdinando/I/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F476@ 0 @I1033@ INDI 1 NAME Cosimo II // 1 NAME Cosimo de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Tuscany 1609 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1590 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1621 1 FAMS @F477@ 1 FAMC @F476@ 0 @I1034@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cosimo/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F477@ 0 @I1035@ INDI 1 NAME Ferdinando II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Tuscany from 1621 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1610 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1670 1 FAMS @F478@ 1 FAMC @F477@ 0 @I1036@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Ferdinando/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F478@ 0 @I1037@ INDI 1 NAME Cosimo III // 1 NAME Cosimo de' /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Tuscany from 1621 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1642 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1723 1 FAMS @F479@ 1 FAMC @F478@ 0 @I1038@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Cosimo/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F479@ 0 @I1039@ INDI 1 NAME Anna Marie /Luisa/ 1 NAME Anna Marie Luisa de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Palatine Elector 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1667 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1743 1 FAMC @F479@ 0 @I1040@ INDI 1 NAME Gian Gastone de'/Medicie/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Tuscany from 1723 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1667 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1743 1 FAMC @F479@ 0 @I1041@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Giuliano de'/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F481@ 0 @I1042@ INDI 1 NAME Aelfgifu // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the mother of Harold I and Sweyn, but not married to Harold's father. 2 CONT She was also the daughter of an ealdorman (chief officer) of Northumbria. 1 FAMS @F482@ 0 @I1043@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Ethelred the/Unready/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F483@ 0 @I1044@ INDI 1 NAME Giambuono /Medici/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE This, apparently, is the first Medici, "mentioned in 1201". The names are 2 CONT only found and shown (Encyclopaedia Britannica) on a table of the Mecici 2 CONT family tree. No other source of information has yet been found. Therefore, 2 CONT the names will be entered as shown on the table, with hope of finding more 2 CONT information later. Some facts are "known" and will be so entered under 2 CONT "message". 1 FAMS @F484@ 0 @I1045@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Giambuono/Medici/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F484@ 0 @I1046@ INDI 1 NAME Chiarissimo /I/ 1 NAME Chiarissimo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F485@ 1 FAMC @F484@ 0 @I1047@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Chiarissimo/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F485@ 0 @I1048@ INDI 1 NAME Filippo // 1 NAME Filippo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F486@ 1 FAMC @F485@ 0 @I1049@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Filippo/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F486@ 0 @I1050@ INDI 1 NAME Chiarissimo II // 1 NAME Chiarissimo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Grandson of the first Medici. This line, called a "minor branch", the 2 CONT descendants of Chiarissimo II, fell into 50 years of serious misfortunes 2 CONT (1343-1393). The Medici, by the 1300s were counted among the wealthy 2 CONT notables, generally escaping the 1340 European depression which forced 2 CONT many powerful houses into bankruptcy. The Medici consolidated their position 2 CONT among the city's (Florence) elite by controlling the government. This branch, 2 CONT again, fell into serious misfortunes for 50 years, fading into oblivion. 1 FAMS @F487@ 1 FAMC @F486@ 0 @I1051@ INDI 1 NAME Averardo // 1 NAME Averardo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F494@ 1 FAMC @F486@ 0 @I1052@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Chiarissimo/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F487@ 0 @I1053@ INDI 1 NAME Giambuono // 1 NAME Giambuono de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F488@ 1 FAMC @F487@ 0 @I1054@ INDI 1 NAME Filippo // 1 NAME Filippo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F491@ 1 FAMC @F487@ 0 @I1055@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Giambuono/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F488@ 0 @I1056@ INDI 1 NAME Bernardo // 1 NAME Bernardo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F490@ 1 FAMC @F488@ 0 @I1058@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Bernardo/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F490@ 0 @I1059@ INDI 1 NAME Giovanni // 1 NAME Giovanni de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1343 2 PLAC beheaded 1 NOTE This is the end of this family (?). 1 FAMC @F490@ 0 @I1060@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Filippo/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F491@ 0 @I1061@ INDI 1 NAME Alamenno // 1 NAME Alamenno de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F492@ 1 FAMC @F491@ 0 @I1062@ INDI 1 NAME Gambro // 1 NAME Gambro de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F493@ 1 FAMC @F491@ 0 @I1063@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Alamenno/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F492@ 0 @I1064@ INDI 1 NAME Salvestro // 1 NAME Salvestro de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Gonfalonier 1378 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto ("common people") 2 CONT and was elected gonafalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government 2 CONT (1378). Salvestro, more of less willingly, stirred up an insurrection of the 2 CONT ciompi, the artisians of the lowest class, and, after their victory, was not 2 CONT above reaping substancial monetary and titular advantages. But when the 2 CONT popular government fell in 1381, he went into exile. See Veri next, his 2 CONT cousin. 1 FAMC @F492@ 0 @I1065@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Gambro/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F493@ 0 @I1066@ INDI 1 NAME Vieri // 1 NAME Vieri de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1393 1 NOTE After his cousin Salvestro exiled in 1381, the memory of Salvestro was still 2 CONT alive in 1393, when the popolo magro ("lean people") once again thought it 2 CONT possible to take over the signoria (government). The mob hastened to seek out 2 CONT the cousin of Salvestro, Vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without 2 CONT losing face. With Vieri, this branch of the Medici (Chiarissimo II) was to 2 CONT disappear definitively from history. 1 FAMC @F493@ 0 @I1067@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Averado/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F494@ 0 @I1068@ INDI 1 NAME Averardo II // 1 NAME Averardo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Gonfalonier 1314 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F495@ 1 FAMC @F494@ 0 @I1069@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Averardo/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F495@ 0 @I1070@ INDI 1 NAME Chiarissimo III // 1 NAME Chiarissimo de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F496@ 1 FAMC @F495@ 0 @I1071@ INDI 1 NAME Giovenco // 1 NAME Giovenco de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1320 1 FAMC @F495@ 0 @I1072@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Chiarissimo/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F496@ 0 @I1073@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Lorenzo de' Medici, the/Elder/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F497@ 0 @I1074@ INDI 1 NAME Pierfrancesco // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1430 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1467 1 NOTE This is the first name after Lorenzo the Elder on the table of the 2 CONT Encyclopaedia Britannica, which is assumed to be the son of Lorenzo. 1 FAMS @F498@ 1 FAMC @F497@ 0 @I1075@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Pierfrancesco/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F498@ 0 @I1076@ INDI 1 NAME Giovanni il /Popolano/ 1 NAME Giavanni de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1467 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1498 1 NOTE On the table of the family tree by the Encyclopaedia Britannica, underneath 2 CONT this name is "=Caterina Sforza Riario (illegitimate)". What this means in 2 CONT unknown. Giovanni represents the grandson of Lorenzo the Elder. 1 FAMS @F499@ 1 FAMC @F498@ 0 @I1077@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Gionanni il/Popolano/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F499@ 0 @I1078@ INDI 1 NAME Giovanni dalle Bande/Nere/ 1 NAME Giovanni de' Medici/(?)/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1498 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1526 1 NOTE Under this name on the family tree table of the Encyclopaedia Britannica is 2 CONT this: "=Maria Salviati granddaughter of Lorenzo the magnificient", which 2 CONT makes no sense at all (?). Giovanni represents to be the great-grandson of 2 CONT Lorenzo the Elder, when connected to Cosimo I, completes the connection 2 CONT of links between Lorenzo the Elder and Cosimo I, his great-great-grandson. 1 FAMC @F499@ 0 @I1079@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 27 1462 2 PLAC Blois France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 01 1515 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE In France, Louis was highly popular. From the time of the assembly at Tours 2 CONT (1506) he was known as "the Father of the People". He simplified and improved 2 CONT the administration of justice, sought to protect his lowest subjects against 2 CONT oppression, and financed his wars without increase in direct taxation, until 2 CONT 1509. He kept his kingdom free from civil war and, until the end of his 2 CONT reign, from invasion. Popular, yet he was noted for his disastrous Italian 2 CONT wars and an invasion at several points by a Holy League of England, etc. 1 FAMS @F501@ 1 FAMS @F503@ 1 FAMC @F502@ 0 @I1080@ INDI 1 NAME Jeanne of /France/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Louis was forced to marry her; a saintly but misshapen daughter of his second 2 CONT cousin King Louis XI. After becoming king, upon the death of Charles VIII, he 2 CONT annulled the marriage with Jeanne to marry Charles's widow, Anne of Brittany. 1 FAMS @F501@ 0 @I1081@ INDI 1 NAME Louise // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the first-born royal child affianced to the Habsbury Prince Charles, 2 CONT King of Spain at age 16 (Charles I of Spain). 1 FAMC @F203@ 0 @I1082@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd son of Francis/I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince/Dauphin 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 2 PLAC poisoned likely by Charles I at age 18 1 NOTE While their father was imprisoned by the King of Spain at Madrid, part of the 2 CONT treaty to release him was to give up territories, marry Eleanor, and deliver 2 CONT his two eldest sons, 7 and 8 years old, as hostages. The surrendered provinces 2 CONT refused to divorce themselves from France. Furious with the purjured Francis, 2 CONT King of France, Charles I of Spain held the children prisoners for 4 years 2 CONT while plundering Italy. Francis' mother struck a deal which included 2 million 2 CONT gold crowns, and the sons were release to attend the wedding to Eleanor. 1 FAMC @F203@ 0 @I1083@ INDI 1 NAME Charles // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 22 1522 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 09 1545 2 PLAC died of the plague 1 NOTE This son was the favorite of Francis; a noted campaigner who twice took 2 CONT Luxembourg from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) forces 2 CONT in 1542 and 1543. He died suddenly exposing himself to infection from the 2 CONT plague. 1 FAMC @F203@ 0 @I1084@ INDI 1 NAME Charles // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans from 1407 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 24 1394 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 04 1465 2 PLAC Amboise, France 1 NOTE Having married to his second wife Mary of Cleves in 1440 after spending the 2 CONT previous 25 years in an English prison, he withdrew from public life to 2 CONT Blois, France. While being held prisoner, he pursued his literary interests 2 CONT writing not only in French, but poems in English as well. History records him 2 CONT as being "one of the greatest courtly poets in France" who also earned a 2 CONT reputation for his poems in English. The collection of English poems is much 2 CONT more of a literary unit than those in French, to which he added continually. 1 FAMS @F505@ 1 FAMS @F502@ 1 FAMC @F506@ 0 @I1085@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of /Cleves/ 1 NAME Marie /de Cleves/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her son succeeded Charles VIII to the throne of France in 1498. 1 FAMS @F502@ 0 @I1086@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Brittany/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE As the widow of Charles VIII, her later marriage to Louis XII would reinforce 2 CONT the personal union of the duchy of Brittany and Louis's kingdom. In her first 2 CONT marriage to Charles, because Charles married her, he lost access to a dowry 2 CONT of Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian and Mary. Charles, as an 2 CONT infant, had been set up to marry Margaret by his father, so he, in effect, 2 CONT forfeited those rights and properties. Anne of Brittany was also married to 2 CONT Maximilian I by proxy in 1490. The marriage was severed later by Charles VIII. 1 FAMS @F800@ 1 FAMS @F504@ 1 FAMS @F503@ 0 @I1087@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUN 30 1470 2 PLAC Amboise, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 07 1498 2 PLAC Amboise, France 1 NOTE He was known for beginning the French expeditions into Italy that lasted 'til 2 CONT the middle of the next century. He showed no aptitude for government at the 2 CONT time of his assession; he was in poor health and of poor intelligence, so the 2 CONT first years of his reign was in the hands of his sister Anne and her husband 2 CONT Pierre de Bourbon as regents. The wars with Italy began in 1494 and lasted 2 CONT more than 50 years. He died while preparing for another expedition into Italy 2 CONT in 1498. 1 FAMS @F504@ 1 FAMC @F511@ 0 @I1088@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1409 1 NOTE Her husband Charles succeeded to the title in 1407, when his father was 2 CONT assassinated by the Burgundians in the struggle for power that followed the 2 CONT king's madness (Charles VI). At age 13, he sought vengeance with the help of 2 CONT Bernard VII, comte d'Armagnac. A civil war ensued with the condemnation of 2 CONT the murder. Henry V of England invaded (1415) with Charles in high command of 2 CONT Agincourt where Charles was defeated and captured, spending the next 25 years 2 CONT in England as a prisoner. Released on Jul-02-1440, he returned to France. 1 FAMS @F505@ 0 @I1089@ INDI 1 NAME Louis, duc d'/Orleans/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc d' Orleans 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1407 2 PLAC assassinated by the Burgundians 1 NOTE With the maddness attacks of King Charles VI, royal authority waned, and the 2 CONT dukes of Burgundy and Orleans began to vie for power. The Burgundians, led by 2 CONT John the Fearless, successor of Philip the Bold, arranged the murder of 2 CONT Louis, duc d' Orleans in 1407 and allied themselves with Henry V of England, 2 CONT who won the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 against the French. The Treaty of 2 CONT Troyes followed. 1 FAMS @F506@ 1 FAMC @F507@ 0 @I1090@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Louis, duc d'/Orleans/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F506@ 0 @I1091@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /V/ 1 NAME the /Wise/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 21 1338 2 PLAC Vincennes, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 16 1380 2 PLAC Nogent-sur-Sage, France 1 NOTE He led his country in a miraculous recovery from the Hundred Years' War, 2 CONT reversing the the disastrous Anglo-French settlement of 1360. In his court, 2 CONT Charles, an intellectual and religious man, surrounded himself with luxury 2 CONT and men of educated tastes. Besides reorganizing the army, creating a new 2 CONT navy, instituting tax changes, and bringing Flanders, Spain and Portugal into 2 CONT French alliances, he was also concerned with redecorating the Louvre to house 2 CONT a mangificient library and with finishing the castle of Vincennes. 1 FAMS @F507@ 1 FAMC @F314@ 0 @I1092@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles/V/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F507@ 0 @I1093@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /VI/ 1 NAME the Well-beloved, or the/Mad/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 03 1368 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 21 1422 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE His long reign remained largely a figurehead, first because he was only 11 2 CONT when he took the throne and later because of his perodic fits of maddness. 2 CONT On Nov-02-1388, he made the decision to rule alone, without the aid of his 2 CONT uncles or officers of his father, Charles V. Government reorganization and 2 CONT reforms were initiated. While efforts were being made for peace with England 2 CONT in 1392, he became ill with fever and convulsions, the 1st of his 44 attacks 2 CONT of maddness lasting from 3-9 months mixed with 3-5 months of sanity. 1 FAMS @F508@ 1 FAMC @F507@ 0 @I1094@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Bavaria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1371 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1435 1 NOTE After her husband became insane, she consorted with duc d' Orleans until his 2 CONT death in 1407. 1 FAMS @F508@ 0 @I1095@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /VII/ 1 NAME the Well-served or the/Victorious/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 22 1403 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 22 1461 2 PLAC Mehun-sur-Yevre, France 1 NOTE He acted as regent for his father, Charles VI, from 1418, succeeding -- 2 CONT --partially with the aid of Joan of Arc -- in driving the English from French 2 CONT soil, and, in solidifying the administration of the monarchy. His worst 2 CONT difficulties at first were of a financial nature: insufficient tax revenues. 2 CONT But he soon gained financial independence skillfully and energetically, 2 CONT in much the same fashion as was displayed in putting down a rebellion in 1440. 2 CONT All in all, he contributed much to the restoration of unity to his country. 1 FAMS @F509@ 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I1096@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of /Anjou/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Mary, daughter of Louis II of Anjou, King of Naples and Yolande of Aragon, 2 CONT was betrothed to Charles VII in 1413, at the age of nine years old. Early on, 2 CONT when he went to live in Anjou, she established her influence over him. He 2 CONT became dauphin at age 14, but his mother left Paris and allied herself with 2 CONT John the fearless, duke of Burgundy. 1 FAMS @F509@ 0 @I1097@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /XI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUL 03 1423 2 PLAC Bourges, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 30 1483 2 PLAC Plessis-les-Tours, France 1 NOTE Ugly and fat, Louis grew up in seclusion to become secretive, ruthless and 2 CONT superstitious, yet he was devout, intelligent and well informed. Later as 2 CONT king, he continued the work of his father, Charles VII, in strengthening and 2 CONT unifying France after the Hundred Years' War with England which ruled a 2 CONT large part of France when he was born. Louis regarded war as a precarious 2 CONT enterprise and made it only with reluctance. Diplomacy and inheritance were 2 CONT the means he preferred for extending his royal domain as a tireless worker. 1 FAMS @F510@ 1 FAMS @F511@ 1 FAMC @F509@ 0 @I1098@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Scotland/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1445 1 NOTE This union with her was an unhappy one, a union formed solely for political 2 CONT reasons. Father Charles and son Louis became wholly estranged after the death 2 CONT of Margaret in 1445, to whom the father had been attached. Detected in a plot 2 CONT against Breze (advisor to Charles), Louis was exiled to Daulphine, France, 2 CONT never to see his father again. In Daulphine, young Louis served his 2 CONT apprenticeship as a ruler, eagerly awaiting his turn as King of France, 2 CONT keeping himself posted by spies with every detail of his father's ill health. 1 FAMS @F510@ 1 FAMC @F74@ 0 @I1099@ INDI 1 NAME Charlotte of /Savoy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Duke Louis of Savoy, married to Louis (XI) despite 2 CONT his father's prohibition to do so (1451). Lewis (XI) in the meantime fell out 2 CONT of favor with Savoy in 1456, when the father Charles approached Louis's 2 CONT frontiers where he had earlier been exiled by his father, and summoned him to 2 CONT his presesnce, at which time Louis (XI) fled to the court of Philip the Good, 2 CONT duke of Burgundy. From there, Louis was able to aquaint himself with the 2 CONT working of the great Burgundian state, the ruin of which he was later to seek. 1 FAMS @F511@ 0 @I1100@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /France/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU coregent of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She and her husband acted as coregents for her brother Charles VIII in his 2 CONT early years of reign. 1 FAMS @F799@ 1 FAMS @F512@ 1 FAMC @F511@ 0 @I1101@ INDI 1 NAME Pierre /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU coregent of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F512@ 0 @I1104@ INDI 1 NAME Philip II // 1 NAME the /Bold/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Burgundy 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 17 1342 2 PLAC Pontoise, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 27 1404 2 PLAC Halle, Brabant 1 NOTE The youngest son of John II, he was one of the most powerful men in his day. 2 CONT He acted as regent for his nephew Charles VI, and when Charles went insane, 2 CONT Philip became virtual ruler of France. During the minority of Charles VI, 2 CONT Philip and his brothers shared the regency and government of France, as well 2 CONT as the spoils of power, never hesitating to further their own aims. Even after 2 CONT Charles had rejected his uncles in 1388 to rule for himself, he went insane in 2 CONT 1392 and Philip regained control. 1 FAMS @F515@ 1 FAMC @F314@ 0 @I1105@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Flanders/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE This marriage to Philip was arranged by Charles VI to prevent her from 2 CONT marrying an English prince. In 1384, Philip and Margaret inherited Flanders 2 CONT and other territories, and by 1386, this domain had become so large that he 2 CONT arranged to have separate administrations at Lille and at Dijon for the 2 CONT northern and the southern territories. 1 FAMS @F515@ 0 @I1106@ INDI 1 NAME Philip /VI/ 1 NAME Philip of /Valois/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1293 2 PLAC Fontainebleau, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 22 1350 2 PLAC near Paris, France 1 NOTE As first ruler of the Valois dynasty, Philip had disputes over several 2 CONT matters with Edward III of England, which led to the Hundred Years' War 2 CONT (1337-1453). Appointed regent of France at the death of his cousin Charles IV 2 CONT while waiting to see if Charles's widow would give birth to a boy or a girl. 2 CONT When a girl was born, Philip became King of France. Later, in the last three 2 CONT years of his reign, the spread of the Black Plague overshadowed all political 2 CONT questions. 1 FAMS @F521@ 1 FAMS @F522@ 1 FAMC @F516@ 0 @I1107@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /de Valois/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Valois 1285-1325 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1270 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1325 1 NOTE Count of Anjou and Main 1290-1325, he was the son of King Philip III of 2 CONT France and close advisor to brother Philip IV and to nephews Louis X, Philip 2 CONT V, and Charles IV. He was father to Philip VI and Progenetor of the royal 2 CONT house of Valois. 1 FAMS @F516@ 1 FAMC @F133@ 0 @I1108@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess of Valois 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Margaret was the fourth child of Charles II, King of Naples. 1 FAMS @F516@ 1 FAMC @F536@ 0 @I1109@ INDI 1 NAME Philip IV // 1 NAME the /Fair/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1268 2 PLAC Fontainebleau, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 29 1314 2 PLAC Fontainebleau, France 1 NOTE Philip, an impressive ruler, was aloof, sternly reserved, and physically 2 CONT stricking---tall, fine-featured and blond---hence his name, "the fair". His 2 CONT chief concern was for the dignity of his office, believing that he and his 2 CONT kingdom were guarded by God and chosen as special defenders of the Catholic 2 CONT faith. Proud of his orthodoxy and inspired by a priestly sense of mission, he 2 CONT was receptive to accusations of sin and heresy levelled at others, and he 2 CONT prosecuted ruthlessly those charged with such failings. 1 FAMS @F517@ 1 FAMC @F133@ 0 @I1110@ INDI 1 NAME Joan I of/Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Navarre/ Joan I 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 14 1273 2 PLAC Bar-sur-Seine, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 04 1305 2 PLAC Vincennes, died in childbirth 1 NOTE The daughter of Henry I of Navarre. This union brought to the French the 2 CONT crown of Navarre and the countries of Brie and Champagne. Joan was a woman of 2 CONT great intelligence and vivacity, a lover of arts and letters who founded the 2 CONT famous college of Navarre. 1 FAMS @F517@ 1 FAMC @F759@ 0 @I1113@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /X/ 1 NAME the /Stubborn/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 04 1289 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 05 1316 2 PLAC Vincennes, France 1 NOTE As eldest son, Louis took the title of King of Navarre upon the death of his 2 CONT mother. On Apr-04-1314 however, he resigned the title to his next brother, the 2 CONT future Philip V of France. Louis sold the serfs their liberty, the beginning 2 CONT of the eventual end of serfdom. 1 FAMS @F523@ 1 FAMS @F526@ 1 FAMC @F517@ 0 @I1114@ INDI 1 NAME Philip /V/ 1 NAME the /Tall/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1293 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 03 1322 1 NOTE As king, he largely succeeded in restoring the royal power to what it had 2 CONT been under his father, Philip IV, having passed on to his one older brother. 1 FAMC @F517@ 0 @I1115@ INDI 1 NAME Charles IV // 1 NAME the Fair in France, the Bald in/Navarre/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1294 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 01 1328 2 PLAC Vincennes, France 1 NOTE He represents the last of the direst line of the Capetian dynasty. His 2 CONT inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of Aquitaine and by the political 2 CONT intrigues with his sister Isabella, wife of King Edward II of England. 1 FAMC @F517@ 0 @I1116@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /IX/ 1 NAME the /Saint/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 25 1214 2 PLAC Poissy, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 25 1270 2 PLAC near Tunis on crusade to Tunisia 1 BURI 2 DATE SAINT-DENIS 2 PLAC tomb of the kings of France 1 NOTE Louis, an outstanding monarch of medevial times, was canonized in 1297 as 2 CONT Saint Louis, with his feast day August 25th. Saintly, but he had his faults. 2 CONT Quick-tempered and sometimes violent, he had to struggle with his gluttony. 2 CONT High-spirited, he made his decisions alone, but knew how to choose wise 2 CONT counsellors. His sincere piety did not prevent him from curbing the abuses of 2 CONT the clergy, at times brutally. The saintly Louis enjoyed immense prestigue 2 CONT throughout western Christendom as the most popular of the Capetian monarchs. 1 FAMS @F520@ 1 FAMC @F531@ 0 @I1117@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Provence/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Margaret was personally selected as the wife of Louis IX by his mother, 2 CONT Blanche, but when Louis showed himself as an eager and ardent husband, mother 2 CONT Blanche became intensely jealous of her daughter-in-law. Louis and Margaret 2 CONT went on the have 11 children. Even on the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land, 2 CONT Louis took his wife and children along with him, since he preferred not to 2 CONT leave the mother and the daughter-in-law alone together. 1 FAMS @F520@ 0 @I1118@ INDI 1 NAME Jeanne /de Bourgogne/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1348 1 NOTE She was a daughter of Robert II of Burgundy. 1 FAMS @F521@ 1 FAMC @F524@ 0 @I1119@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche of /Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F522@ 0 @I1121@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1315 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy, maternal grandfather of 2 CONT King John II the Good of France. In the last months of Philip's reign, she 2 CONT was convicted of adultery and was later strangled in prison (1315), leaving 2 CONT an infant daughter, Joan. 1 FAMS @F523@ 1 FAMC @F524@ 0 @I1122@ INDI 1 NAME Robert II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Burgundy 1272-06 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1306 1 NOTE He was the maternal grandfather of King John II, King of France. 1 FAMS @F524@ 1 FAMC @F525@ 0 @I1123@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Robert/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F524@ 0 @I1124@ INDI 1 NAME Hugh IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Burgundy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F525@ 0 @I1125@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Hugh/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Burgundy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F525@ 0 @I1126@ INDI 1 NAME Clemence // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Charles I, King of Hungary 1 FAMS @F526@ 1 FAMC @F773@ 0 @I1129@ INDI 1 NAME John /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Heir infant death 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 1316 1 NOTE Louis X's posthumus son (John I) lived only five days and was succeeded by 2 CONT Louis's brother Philip V. 1 FAMC @F526@ 0 @I1130@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1314/15 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Joan, the daughter of an adulterous mother, was denied succession to the 2 CONT crown by an assembly of barons, prelates, Parisian bourgeois, and doctors of 2 CONT the university of Paris, enunciating that Joan, as a woman, could not succeed 2 CONT to the throne of France. 1 FAMC @F523@ 0 @I1131@ INDI 1 NAME Jean /de France/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duc de Berry 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1340 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1416 1 NOTE He controlled a third of France, but his burdensome taxes led to peasant 2 CONT revolt 1381-1384. He acted as regent for his brother Charles, 1380, and 2 CONT sought reconciliation with England. He also made attempts to mediate the fued 2 CONT between the houses of Burgundy and Orleans. He allied himself with Orleans 2 CONT and was a patron of the arts. The third son of John II. 1 FAMC @F314@ 0 @I1132@ INDI 1 NAME Marie /de Brabant/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was a beautiful and cultivated woman, and, with her arrival at court, 2 CONT intrigue began to flourish. In 1276, her stepson, Louis, died, and the shock 2 CONT of the event was compounded by persistent rumors of poisoning and 2 CONT suspicions that Marie intended to see Isabella's remaining sons destroyed. 2 CONT Vague accusations circulated that Louis's death was linked with certain 2 CONT unspecified "unnatural acts" of his father. These rumors, never put to rest, 2 CONT aroused feelings of insecurity and mistrust in the mind of the childeren. 1 FAMS @F530@ 0 @I1133@ INDI 1 NAME Louis // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince/Dauphin of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1276 2 PLAC Poisoned by stepmother Marie ?? 1 NOTE Rumors of poisoning by Marie were never put to rest, nor proven. 1 FAMC @F133@ 0 @I1135@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1187 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 08 1226 2 PLAC Montpensier, France 1 NOTE After succeeding his father as king, Louis continued his father's policy of 2 CONT destroying the power of the Plantagenets in France and bringing under royal 2 CONT authority the Provinces held by the Albigences in the south of France. On his 2 CONT death, his son Louis IX, not yet 13 years old, was taken to Reims by his 2 CONT mother to be crowned King of France. Mother Blanche was not a woman to be 2 CONT discouraged by adversity, such as was shown at the coronation by a lack of 2 CONT participation by many of the most powerful nobles. 1 FAMS @F531@ 1 FAMC @F535@ 0 @I1136@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche of /Castile/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1188 2 PLAC Palencia, Castile (Spain) 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 12 1252 2 PLAC Paris France 1 NOTE As regent for son Louis IX during his minority and again when Louis was 2 CONT in the Holy Lands on the Seventh Crusade, then captured in Egypt & remained 2 CONT in Patestine for 4 years before returning to France ( total from 1248-1252). 2 CONT Her first 3 children died at an early age (11 children in all in her family), 2 CONT with son Louis (IX) being the fourth child. 1 FAMS @F531@ 1 FAMC @F533@ 0 @I1137@ INDI 1 NAME Alfonso /VIII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Leon & Castile 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1155 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 06 1214 2 PLAC Burgos, Castile 1 FAMS @F533@ 1 FAMC @F534@ 0 @I1139@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F533@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I1140@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Sancho/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F534@ 0 @I1141@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Artois 1237 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1250 2 PLAC killed at a battle in Egypt, 7th Crusade 1 FAMS @F757@ 1 FAMC @F531@ 0 @I1142@ INDI 1 NAME Alphonse // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Avergne 1241 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F531@ 0 @I1143@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Naples and Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 1226 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 07 1285 2 PLAC Foggia, Naples (Italy) 1 REFN See #794 1 NOTE On February 26, 1266, Charles defeated Manfred and his forces on the plain of 2 CONT Grandella near Benevento. This battle ended Hohenstaufen rule in Italy and 2 CONT began the Angevin dominance that lasted through most of the rest of the 13th 2 CONT century. Charles succeeded in Naples and asserted his leadership in Rome and 2 CONT in northern Italy. The papacy ruled the center, the Guelfs the north and the 2 CONT Angevins were in control of Sicily and Naples. Everything held together by 2 CONT the strong personality & ambitious dreams of Charles of Anjou. See Peter III. 1 FAMS @F763@ 1 FAMC @F531@ 0 @I1144@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of /Hainaut/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1170 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1190 1 NOTE Daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, she brought to the king as dowry the 2 CONT Province of Atrois. 1 FAMS @F535@ 1 FAMC @F539@ 0 @I1145@ INDI 1 NAME Philip II /Augustus/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 21 1165 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 14 1223 2 PLAC Mantes, France 1 NOTE First of the great Capetian kings of medeval France, he gradually reconquered 2 CONT the French territories held by the kings of England, extending royal domains 2 CONT northward. He was a major figure in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land in 2 CONT 1191. He was the first of the Capetians not to have his eldest son crowned 2 CONT and associated with him during his lifetime. His conquests and strong 2 CONT government made him the richest and most powerful king in Europe and prepared 2 CONT the way for France's greatness in the 13th century. 1 FAMS @F535@ 1 FAMS @F540@ 1 FAMS @F541@ 1 FAMC @F542@ 0 @I1146@ INDI 1 NAME Charles II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Naples & Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1254 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 05 1309 2 PLAC Naples 1 NOTE His 5 children went on to spread the royalty of Europe when Charles carefully 2 CONT built up an extremely complex set of alliances through the marriages of the 2 CONT children, thereby extending control over other territories. He was extremely 2 CONT pius & enlightened, a patron of the arts and a builder of monasteries and 2 CONT churches. He finally agreed to give up his battle to recover Sicily to his 2 CONT kingdom from the Aragonese, who would go on to rule Sicily for nearly 300 2 CONT years to the War of the Spanish Succession. (Sicily was lost in 1282). 1 FAMS @F536@ 1 FAMC @F763@ 0 @I1147@ INDI 1 NAME Maria // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the king of Hungary, Stephen V. 1 FAMS @F536@ 1 FAMC @F869@ 0 @I1148@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /Martel/ 1 NAME Charles of /Anjou-Naples/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Hungary claimant 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1295 1 NOTE King of Hungary to opposition to Andrew III, 1290-1295 1 FAMS @F877@ 1 FAMC @F536@ 0 @I1149@ INDI 1 NAME Robert // 1 NAME Robert of Anjou, the/Wise/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Naples 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1278 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 19 1343 1 REFN See Joan I 1 NOTE He succeeded his father as King of naples, succeeded in turn by his 2 CONT granddaughter Joanna I, Queen of Naples 1343-1382, who adopted Louis of 2 CONT Anjou. Robert was an Anevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader whose early 2 CONT years were clouded by the Sicilian Vespers (1282-1288) in which his father, 2 CONT Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. Robert took 2 CONT Charles's place as hostage. Later, Robert led an expedition attempting to 2 CONT recover Sicily from the Aragonese prince who ruled as Frederick III. 1 FAMC @F536@ 0 @I1150@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Durazzo 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE His grandson was Charles III, King of Naples (1381- 1386), succeeded by son 2 CONT Ladislas (1386-1414) and daughter Joanna II (1414-1435), with whom the direct 2 CONT line becomes extinct. 1 FAMC @F536@ 0 @I1152@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F763@ 0 @I1153@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Hainaut 1171-95 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1150 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1195 1 NOTE He married Marguerite, the sister of Count Philip of Flanders. Upon the 2 CONT death of Philip, Baldwin became Count of Flanders (1191) as Baldwin VIII. 1 FAMS @F539@ 0 @I1154@ INDI 1 NAME Marguerite // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess of Flanders 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the sister of Philip, the Count of Flanders. Flanders and Hainaut 2 CONT were ruled as one countship from 1191-1280, but split away into two 2 CONT countships again. 1 FAMS @F539@ 0 @I1155@ INDI 1 NAME Ingeborg // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the sister of Danish king Canute IV. The day after her marriage, for 2 CONT private reason, she was repudiated by Philip who sought and received an 2 CONT annulment by an assembly of bishops in November 1193. The Danes complained to 2 CONT the pope and, later, after Philip had married Agnes who bore him 2 daughters, 2 CONT Pope Innocent imposed an interdict against France. So, Agnes having died in 2 CONT 1201, Philip reconciled with Ingeborg and, eventually, accepted her not as his 2 CONT wife, but at least as his queen, sometimes after 1213 1 FAMS @F540@ 0 @I1156@ INDI 1 NAME Agnes // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1201 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Bertold IV of Meran. 1 FAMS @F541@ 0 @I1157@ INDI 1 NAME Marie // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Brabant 1213 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She became Countess of Namur (1211) and Duchess of Brabant (1213) by 2 CONT successive marriages. 1 FAMC @F541@ 0 @I1158@ INDI 1 NAME Philip // 1 NAME called /Hurepel/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Clermont 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F541@ 0 @I1159@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /VII/ 1 NAME the /Younger/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1120 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 18 1180 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE Louis continued his father's pacification program by building the prestigue 2 CONT of the kingship through administrative governmnet based on trustworthy men 2 CONT of humble origin and by consolidating his rule over his royal domains rather 2 CONT than adding new acquisitions.He repudiated his wife Eleanor for misconduct on 2 CONT Mar-21-1152, even though she bore him 2 daughters, thereby losing control of 2 CONT Aquitaine to her new husband, and Louis's ongoing enemy, Henry II of 2 CONT England. With Henry, she bore him 5 sons and 3 daughters of note. 1 FAMS @F543@ 1 FAMS @F542@ 1 FAMC @F545@ 0 @I1160@ INDI 1 NAME Adela of /Champagne/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F542@ 0 @I1161@ INDI 1 NAME William /X/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Aquitaine/Gascoy 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1099 2 PLAC Toulouse, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 09 1137 2 PLAC Santiago de Compostela, Spain 1 FAMS @F544@ 0 @I1162@ INDI 1 NAME wife of William/X/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess, duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F544@ 0 @I1163@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /VI/ 1 NAME the /Fat/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1081 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 01 1137 1 NOTE Having a good relationship with the church and clergy, he knew he must bring 2 CONT the unruly barons under firm control. His success won him the respect of his 2 CONT greater vassals and was crucial to later Capetian expansion. 1 FAMS @F545@ 1 FAMC @F546@ 0 @I1164@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Louis/VI/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F545@ 0 @I1165@ INDI 1 NAME Philip /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1052 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 29/30 1108 2 PLAC Melun, France 1 NOTE Because of his firm determination to retain control over all appointments to 2 CONT ecclesiastical posts, which he blatantly sold, Philip was eventually drawn 2 CONT into conflich with the papacy. This conflict was exasterbated by his 2 CONT matrimonial affairs; his scandalous "marriage" with Bertrada de Montfort, 2 CONT wife of a vassal, brought him repeated excomminication. By 1104, the struggle 2 CONT with the papacy ended, son Louis VI, had taken over the administration of the 2 CONT kingdom, father Philip having been rendered inactive by his extreme obesity. 1 FAMS @F546@ 1 FAMC @F547@ 0 @I1166@ INDI 1 NAME Bertha // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F546@ 0 @I1167@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1008 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 02 1060 2 PLAC Vitry-aux-Loges 1 NOTE His reign was marked by struggles against rebellious vassals. 1 FAMS @F548@ 1 FAMS @F547@ 1 FAMC @F549@ 0 @I1168@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of /Kiev/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F547@ 0 @I1169@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of Henry/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Ist wife of Henry I (?). 1 FAMS @F548@ 0 @I1170@ INDI 1 NAME Robert II // 1 NAME the /Pious/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 970 2 PLAC Orleans, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 20 1031 2 PLAC Melun, France 1 NOTE The King of France who took Burgundy into the French realm. His domain was 2 CONT not extensive, so when the duke of Burgundy died without heir in 1002, Robert 2 CONT went to war against a rival claimant. only in 1015, however, did he finally 2 CONT succeed in subduing the rich duchy. The gain, however, was only transitory, 2 CONT for in 1032 Henry I granted Burgundy to his brother, Robert, and it 2 CONT thereafter remained for centuries outside royal control. 1 FAMS @F550@ 1 FAMS @F549@ 1 FAMC @F551@ 0 @I1171@ INDI 1 NAME Constance of /Arles/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F549@ 0 @I1172@ INDI 1 NAME Bertha // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F550@ 0 @I1173@ INDI 1 NAME Hugh /Capet/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 938 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 14 996 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE Duke of the Franks title from father, Hugh the Great, 956. Hugh Capet was the 2 CONT grandson of King Robert I, King of France 922-923. Scholars are generally in 2 CONT accord that Hugh's election as king by the assembly of Frankish (French) 2 CONT magnates was not a revolutionary action, but Hugh's crown was probably 2 CONT preserved by the inability of his enemies to coordinate their activities 2 CONT against him. He assured the succession of the crown to his son, Robert II by 2 CONT having him crowned on Christmas day, 987. 1 FAMS @F551@ 1 FAMC @F567@ 0 @I1174@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide of /Aquitaine/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F551@ 0 @I1175@ INDI 1 NAME Hugh the /Great/ 1 NAME Hugh the /White/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of the Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 16/17 956 1 NOTE He was the progenitor of the Capetian kings of France and the brother-in-law 2 CONT of 3 kings: Rudolph of France, Athelstan of England, and Otto of Germany. He 2 CONT was the most powerful man in the kingdom of France (West Francia) during the 2 CONT reign of Louis IV and the early years of King Lothair. Possessing such vast 2 CONT territories, he could easily have assumed the crown on the death of Rudolf in 2 CONT 936, but he preferred working from behind the throne. He suggested the 2 CONT accession of Louis IV, son of the deposed Charles III the Simple. 1 FAMS @F567@ 1 FAMC @F553@ 0 @I1177@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France/ W Francia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 865 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 15 923 2 PLAC Sissons, France 1 NOTE Robert served his older brother, King Eudes, during his reign, 888-898. 2 CONT Later, Robert's military success greatly enhanced his prestigue, and the 2 CONT dissention between him and the new king, Charles III the Simple, became 2 CONT undisquised. The Neustrian lords, led by Robert, broke into open revolt 2 CONT against Charles and Robert was elected king at Reims in June of 922. In a 2 CONT battle at Soissons a year later, Robert was killed, but his army routed that 2 CONT of Charles. His grandson was Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty. 1 FAMS @F553@ 1 FAMC @F554@ 0 @I1178@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F553@ 0 @I1179@ INDI 1 NAME Robert the /Strong/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 15 866 2 PLAC Brissarthe, France 1 NOTE He served Charles the Bald, and, by his bold and inspiring military 2 CONT leadership, succeeded in checking the depredations of the Northman who were 2 CONT laying waste the settlements near the Loire. A great victory in 865 was 2 CONT followed by the king's grant to Robert of full control over Neustria early 2 CONT the next year, but he was killed in a skirmish against those same Northmen in 2 CONT September. The memory of Robert's exploits brought great prestigue to his 2 CONT family. All Capetian kings from 987 were his direct descendants. 1 FAMS @F554@ 0 @I1180@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Robert the/Strong/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F554@ 0 @I1181@ INDI 1 NAME Eudes // 1 NAME Odo, in /German/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France/W Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 01 898 1 NOTE Count of Paris, his name in German was Odo. He was the first king of the West 2 CONT Franks (France) who was not of Merovingian or Carolingian blood. Eudes 2 CONT successfully defended Paris against the besieging Vikings (ot Normans) in 2 CONT 885-886 and gained election as king as a result. Although Eudes won a 2 CONT victory over the Vikings in 888, their depredations if anything became worse 2 CONT during his rule. 1 FAMC @F554@ 0 @I1182@ INDI 1 NAME Louis II // 1 NAME the /Stammerer/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the W Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE 846 1 DEAT 2 DATE APR 10 879 2 PLAC Compiegne, France 1 NOTE Louis was made King of Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom) from 2 CONT 877 'til his death in 897, and he was made King of Aquitaine under his 2 CONT father's tutelage in 867. Louis and Louis the Younger, ruler of the E Frankish 2 CONT kingdom, agreed to maintain the division of Lotharingia that their respective 2 CONT fathers had negotiated in the Treaty of Mersen in 870. Louis had hoped to 2 CONT redistribute offices of state but was frustrated by the Frankish magnates who 2 CONT accepted him on the condition that he respect their possessions and rights. 1 FAMS @F555@ 1 FAMC @F134@ 0 @I1183@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Louis/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F555@ 0 @I1184@ INDI 1 NAME Charles III // 1 NAME the /Simple/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 17 879 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 07 929 2 PLAC Peronne, France 1 NOTE Posthumous son of Louis II, he was cousin to Charles the Fat, King of France 2 CONT 884-887. He was generally recognized as king on the death of King Eudes in 2 CONT 898. His authority came to be accepted by Lorraine and he settled the 2 CONT Northmen in Normandy but became the first Caolingian ruler of the western 2 CONT kingdom to lose his crown by alienating the nobles of Neustria. They deposed 2 CONT him by electing Robert I king. Charles killed Robert in battle in 923 but was 2 CONT taken prisoner to use against the new king, Rudolph, Robert's son-in-law. 1 FAMS @F558@ 1 FAMC @F555@ 0 @I1185@ INDI 1 NAME daughter of Robert/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F556@ 1 FAMC @F553@ 0 @I1186@ INDI 1 NAME Rudolf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 14/15 936 2 PLAC Auxerre, France 1 NOTE Rudolph, son-in-law to Robert I, briefly king of France, with whom in 922 he 2 CONT led a rebellion that ousted Charles III the Simple, the Carolingian ruler of 2 CONT France. When Robert was killed in the battle the following year, Rudolph was 2 CONT elected king and crowned at Soissons. His reign was little more than an 2 CONT unending series of battles. After a stormy career typical of the general 2 CONT political instability that characterized the age, he succeeded in 2 CONT consolidating his authority shortly before he died. 1 FAMS @F556@ 0 @I1188@ INDI 1 NAME Louis IV // 1 NAME Louis d' Outremer, of the/overseas/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 921 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 10 954 2 PLAC Reims, France 1 NOTE He spent most of his rein struggling against his powerful vassal, Hugh the 2 CONT Great, as Louis proved not to be the puppet monarch Hugh had anticipated. 2 CONT In 945, while intervening in Norman politics, Louis was captured and handed 2 CONT over to Hugh, who imprisoned him for a year. On his release, Louis closely 2 CONT allied himself with Otto I to retake Reims in 946. In 949 Louis again 2 CONT received control of Laon, and Hugh, excommunicated by French and German 2 CONT synods and by the Pope, made peace in 951 that lasted until Louis's death. 1 FAMS @F560@ 1 FAMC @F558@ 0 @I1189@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Louis/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F560@ 0 @I1190@ INDI 1 NAME Lothair // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 941 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 02 986 1 NOTE Carolingian king, the eldest son of Louis IV. He was dominated by Hugh the 2 CONT Great and then, 956-965, by his uncle Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, whose 2 CONT support was invaluable, but who used his influence also in the interests of 2 CONT Otto I, his brother, the German king, and of Hugh Capet and other sons of 2 CONT Hugh the Great, Bruno's nephews. Note: Bruno was the great-uncle to Lothair 2 CONT and to "sons of Hugh the Great" through Edward the Elder's daughters. 1 FAMS @F561@ 1 FAMC @F560@ 0 @I1191@ INDI 1 NAME Emma // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F561@ 0 @I1192@ INDI 1 NAME Louis /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of France 1 BIRT 2 DATE 967 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 21/22 987 1 BURI 2 DATE KING 986-987 2 PLAC crowned on Jun-08-979 1 NOTE Louis died as result of a hunting accident. He was succeeded by Hugh Capet, 2 CONT thus initiating the Capetian line of French monarchs, succeeding the 2 CONT Carolingian dynasty. At the time, uncle Charles of Lower Lorraine was the 2 CONT only surviving member of the Carolingian dynasty, but he was passed over in 2 CONT favor of Hugh. 1 FAMS @F563@ 1 FAMC @F561@ 0 @I1193@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Widow of the count of Aquitaine, married Louis V, which established Louis as 2 CONT KIng of Aquitaine. His frivolity, However, and his rejection of his wife, who 2 CONT finally ran away, brought him into disrespect. 1 FAMS @F563@ 1 FAMS @F564@ 0 @I1194@ INDI 1 NAME count of /Aquitaine/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU count of aquitaine 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE PRE 979 1 FAMS @F564@ 0 @I1195@ INDI 1 NAME Hugh // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was the older brother to Henry I, dying ahead of his father, leaving Henry 2 CONT heir to the throne. 1 FAMC @F549@ 0 @I1196@ INDI 1 NAME Robert // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Burgundy 1032 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was the younger brother to Henry, whom his mother, Constance, favored to 2 CONT succeed to the crown upon the death of their father, Robert II. When Robert 2 CONT II died in 1031, a civil war broke out and Henry sought refuge with Robert 2 CONT the Duke of Normandy, afterwhich Robert, the brother to Henry, was given 2 CONT Burgundy in 1032. Henry aided William, the furure William I of England, 2 CONT Robert's successor as Duke of Normandy, to quell his rebellious vassels in 2 CONT 1047, but was thereafter at war with him (the duke of Normandy). Confused?? 1 FAMC @F549@ 0 @I1197@ INDI 1 NAME Stanislaw /I/ 1 NAME Stanislaw /Leszczynski/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Poland 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 20 1677 2 PLAC Lwow, Poland (Lviv, Ukraine) 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 23 1766 2 PLAC Luneville, France 1 REFN See #1914,#1919 1 NOTE The only son of a Polish noble, Stanislaw became a victim of foreign attempts 2 CONT to dominate Poland during a period of great problems and turmoil. Poland, 2 CONT weak and fragmented, had become a marching ground for foreign armies who 2 CONT ravaged the country at will. Augustus II, having been deposed in 1704 in 2 CONT favor of Stanislaw, regained the throne in 1709 and Stanislaw left the 2 CONT country to settle in the French Provence of Alsace. In 1725 his daughter 2 CONT Marie married King Louis XV of France. 1 FAMS @F565@ 0 @I1198@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Stanislaw/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F565@ 0 @I1199@ INDI 1 NAME Louis // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc de Bourgogne 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1682 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1712 1 NOTE This Louis was also a dauphin for two years (1711-1712) and was the father of 2 CONT the king Louis XV. 1 FAMS @F566@ 1 FAMC @F390@ 0 @I1200@ INDI 1 NAME Marie-Adelaide of /Savoy/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess de Bourgogne 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE PRE1712 1 FAMS @F566@ 0 @I1201@ INDI 1 NAME Charles // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duc de Berry 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1683 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1714 1 FAMC @F390@ 0 @I1202@ INDI 1 NAME Otto /I/ 1 NAME the /Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German king 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 23 912 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 07 973 2 PLAC Memleben, Thuringia 1 BURI 2 PLAC Magdenburg 1 NOTE He was also duke of Saxony 936-961 as Otto II. Otto consolidated the German 2 CONT Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassels and his decisive victory over 2 CONT the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a 2 CONT secure empire and a cultural renaissance. Despite internal difficulties with 2 CONT respect to his brother and half-brother, Otto found time to strengthen and to 2 CONT extend the frontiers of the kingdom. His victorious campaigns gave Germany 2 CONT peace & security from foreign attacks, and all areas under his rule prospered. 1 FAMS @F568@ 1 FAMS @F571@ 1 FAMC @F570@ 0 @I1203@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /I/ 1 NAME the /Fowler/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German King of Saxony 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 876 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 02 936 2 PLAC Memleben, Saxony (Germany) 1 REFN See #1683 1 NOTE Founder of the Saxon dynasty, he was the Liudolfing duke of Saxony from 912. 2 CONT He was recognized as German king in 919 by nobles of Saxony and Franconia, 2 CONT two of the four most influntial duchies; the other two important duchies, 2 CONT Swabia and Bavaria, did not recognize him as king. Henry considered Germany a 2 CONT confederation of duchies rather than a nation. He had ongoing problems with 2 CONT barbarian warriors from Hungary called the Magyars, but finally destroyed 2 CONT them in battle. His Son Otto I succeeded him. 1 FAMS @F569@ 1 FAMS @F570@ 1 FAMC @F818@ 0 @I1204@ INDI 1 NAME Hatheburg // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE This marriage was declared invalid because she had become a nun after her 2 CONT first husband's death. She was the daughter of Erwin, count of Merseburg. 1 FAMS @F569@ 1 FAMC @F819@ 0 @I1205@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 NAME Saint /Matilda/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Dietrich, count of Wesphalia. 1 FAMS @F570@ 1 FAMC @F820@ 0 @I1206@ INDI 1 NAME Bruno // 1 NAME Saint Bruno the/Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU archbishop of Cologne 1 BIRT 2 DATE 925 2 PLAC Cologne, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 11 965 2 PLAC Reims, Champagne 1 BURI 2 PLAC St. Pantaleon 1 NOTE He was a patron of learning. He was also duke of Lorraine. 1 FAMC @F570@ 0 @I1207@ INDI 1 NAME Thankmar // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Early on, Thankar, half-brother to Otto I, led the discontented Saxon nobles 2 CONT in war against Otto I. In battle, Thankar was defeated and killed, the 2 CONT Franconian Eberhart submitted to the king, and Eberhart of Bavaria was 2 CONT deposed and outlawed. See Henry, Otto's younger brother who also revolted. 1 FAMC @F569@ 0 @I1208@ INDI 1 NAME Henry // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE In 939, Henry revolted against his brother, Otto I, and, along with Eberhart 2 CONT of Franconia and Giselbert of Lotharingia, supported by the French king Louis 2 CONT IV, were defeated by Otto: Eberhart fell in battle, Giselbert drowned in 2 CONT flight, and Henry submitted to his brother, Otto. Nevertheless, in 941, Henry 2 CONT joined in a conspiracy to murder the king. The conspiracy was discovered in 2 CONT time, the other conspirators were punished, but Henry was again forgiven, 2 CONT remaining faithful thereafter, given the dukedom of Bavaria in 947. 1 FAMC @F570@ 0 @I1209@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE When she married Otto, she was the widow of the king of Italy. Otto extended 2 CONT influence into Burgundy when the Burgundian Princess Adelaide was taken 2 CONT prisoner by the margrave Berengar of Ivrea in 951. When she appealed to him 2 CONT for help, Otto marched into Italy , assumed the title of King of the Lombards, 2 CONT and married Adelaide himself, his first wife having died in 946. She acted as 2 CONT sole regent for grandson Otto III 991-994, who died during a rebellion of the 2 CONT Romans, awaiting military support from his successor, Henry II, in 1002. 1 FAMS @F571@ 0 @I1210@ INDI 1 NAME Liudolf // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Swabia 950 1 BIRT 2 DATE 930 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 06 957 2 PLAC Pombia, near Novara 1 NOTE Liuolf, too, had risen against his father with the aid of several magnates, 2 CONT compelling Otto to withdraw from the Italian campaign to Saxony; but the 2 CONT position of the rebels began to deteriorate when the Magyars invaded Germany 2 CONT in 955, for the rebels could not be accused of complicity with the enemy of 2 CONT the Reich. After prolonged fighting, Liudolf had to submith in 955, enabling 2 CONT Otto to decisively defeat the Magyors in the Battle of the Lechfeld, near 2 CONT Augsburg, in August 955; they never invaded Germany again. 1 FAMC @F568@ 0 @I1211@ INDI 1 NAME Otto II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German king 1 BIRT 2 DATE 955 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 07 983 2 PLAC Rome 1 NOTE Otto II continued his father's policies of promoting a strong monarchy in 2 CONT Germany and of extending the influence of his house in Italy. Despite setbacks 2 CONT along the German borders & a defeat by the Arabs in Italy in Calabria in 982, 2 CONT Otto II left a firmly established realm to his son and successor, Otto III. 1 FAMS @F572@ 1 FAMC @F571@ 0 @I1212@ INDI 1 NAME Theophano // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Holy Roman Empress 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 955 1 DEAT 2 DATE 991 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the king of Byzantine, Romanis II. She was co-regent 2 CONT with her mother-in-law Adelaide for Otto III from 983-991 upon the death of 2 CONT Otto II in 983, then Adelaide acted as sole regent until the king came of age 2 CONT in 994. Otto III proceeded to make Rome his official residence and centre of 2 CONT the empire. Reviving old Roman customs, Otto III assumed the titles "the 2 CONT servant of Jesus Christ," "the the servant of the apostles" and "emperor of 2 CONT the world", seeing himself as the leader of world Christianity. See #1209. 1 FAMS @F572@ 1 FAMC @F573@ 0 @I1213@ INDI 1 NAME Carloman // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of W Franks (France) 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 12 884 1 NOTE Carloman was associated with his brother Louis III as king of the West 2 CONT Franks, but both, as children of a first marrage that had been unacceptable 2 CONT to their grandfather Charles the Bald, had difficulty in obtaining 2 CONT recognition. On Louis III's death in 882, Carloman became sole ruler. He died 2 CONT while hunting. He reigned in the south (Aquitaine and Burgundy). 1 FAMC @F555@ 0 @I1214@ INDI 1 NAME Charles III the/Fat/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King E Franks and Emperor 1 BIRT 2 DATE 839 2 PLAC Bavaria? 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 13 888 2 PLAC Neidingen 1 REFN See #285 1 NOTE He became King of Swabia on death of his father in 876, became Emperor 2 CONT of Italy on the death of his brother, Carloman in 880, became ruler of Saxony 2 CONT on the death of his brother Louis the Younger in 882, making Charles King of 2 CONT all the East Franks. With deaths of W. Frankish Kings Louis III and Carloman 2 CONT in 882-884, he reunited the empire of Charlemagne less Provence (885). 2 CONT Although he controlled France briefly, he's not usually reckoned among the 2 CONT kings of France. See Arnulf for more, and Guy II for the next HRE. 1 FAMC @F574@ 0 @I1215@ INDI 1 NAME Romanus II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Byzantine 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 983 1 FAMS @F573@ 0 @I1216@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Romanus/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort/Byzantine 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F573@ 0 @I1217@ INDI 1 NAME Otto III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German King 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUL 980 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 23 1002 2 PLAC near Viterbo, Italy 1 REFN See #1695 1 NOTE Otto III planned to recreate the glory and the power of the ancient Roman 2 CONT Empire in a universal Christian state governed from Rome, in which the pope 2 CONT would be subordinate to the emperor in religious as well as in secular 2 CONT affairs. But the child king was seized by Henry II the Quarrelsome, the 2 CONT deposed duke of Bavaria, in an attempt to secure the regency, if not the 2 CONT throne, for himself. In May 984, Henry was forced to turn the child over to 2 CONT his mother who acted as regent until her death in 991. See Theophano. 1 FAMC @F572@ 0 @I1218@ INDI 1 NAME Arnulf // 1 NAME duke of /Carinthia/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of E. Franks Germany 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 850 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 08 899 1 REFN See #1673 1 NOTE He was the illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria, the East Franks (Germany) 2 CONT ruler, and the nephew of Charles III the Fat. Arnulf deposed Charles III the 2 CONT Fat in November 887, forcing him to abdicate in the revolt of 887. Arnulf was 2 CONT then elected King of the East Franks (Germany) and later became Holy Roman 2 CONT Emperor in 896. Charles III the Fat was afflicted by illness and was listless 2 CONT in his duties. His incompetence and the ambition of his nephew Arnulf finally 2 CONT provoked the rising in E. Francia where Arnulf took over the government. 1 FAMS @F815@ 1 FAMC @F578@ 0 @I1219@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Louis II the/German/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F574@ 0 @I1220@ INDI 1 NAME Pepin // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aquitaine 814-838 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 805 1 DEAT 2 DATE 838 1 NOTE In 814, his father made him nominal king of Aquitaine. 1 FAMS @F577@ 1 FAMC @F136@ 0 @I1221@ INDI 1 NAME Charlemagne // 1 NAME Carolus Magnus\Charles the/Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Franks/Charles I 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 02 742 2 PLAC AAchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 28 814 1 BURI 2 PLAC Cathedral of Aachen, Germany 1 REFN See 1222 & 1248 1 NOTE Charles the Great, with an unbending will to power, a readiness to fight 2 CONT resolutely against external enemies, an ability to increase his domain through 2 CONT a strength of character rooted in an unbroken conviction of being at one with 2 CONT the divine will, did so unite in one superstate nearly all the Christian lands 2 CONT of western Europe. He combined a personal piety with enjoyment of life, a 2 CONT religious sense of mission with a strong will to power, rough manners with 2 CONT intellectual growth, and intransigence against his enemies with rectitude. 1 FAMS @F588@ 1 FAMS @F575@ 1 FAMS @F587@ 1 FAMC @F581@ 0 @I1222@ INDI 1 NAME Hildegard // 1 NAME Hildegarde of /Swabia/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Einhard describing Charlemagne: "He had a broad and strong body of unusal 2 CONT height, but well-proportioned; for his height measured 7 times his feet. His 2 CONT skull was round, the eyes were lively and rather large, the nose of more than 2 CONT average length, the hair gray but full, the face friendly & cheerful. Seated 2 CONT or standing, he thus made a dignified and stately impression even though he 2 CONT had a thick, short neck and a belly that protruded somewhat; but this was 2 CONT hidden by the good proportions of the rest of his figure. Cont.,See # 1248: 1 FAMS @F575@ 1 FAMC @F580@ 0 @I1223@ INDI 1 NAME Pepin // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Italy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 810 1 NOTE The second son of Charlemagne campaigned against the Duke of Tassilo III of 2 CONT Bavaria in 787, against Avars in 796 and in Venice in 809-810. 1 FAMS @F576@ 1 FAMC @F575@ 0 @I1224@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Pepin/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F576@ 0 @I1225@ INDI 1 NAME Bernard // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Italy from 814-17 1 BIRT 2 DATE 797 1 DEAT 2 DATE 818 1 NOTE He was the son of Pepin, brother of Louis I, who bestowed the title to his 2 CONT dead brother's son, Bernard, in 814. Later, when Bernard revolted againt his 2 CONT uncle Louis, Louis had him blinded and he died as a result of it. 1 FAMC @F576@ 0 @I1226@ INDI 1 NAME Louis III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of W Franks (France) 1 BIRT 2 DATE 863 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 05 882 2 PLAC Saint-Denis, France 1 NOTE After their father, Louis II the Stammerer, died, Louis III and his brother 2 CONT Carloman agreed to partition the kingdom, by which Louis III would get 2 CONT Francia and Neustria. The pagan Northmen were the greatest menace faced by 2 CONT Louis III. His victory at Saucourt inflicted heavy losses on the Vikings, but 2 CONT the able and energetic king, not yet 20, died in the following year. 1 FAMC @F555@ 0 @I1227@ INDI 1 NAME Carloman // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Italy? 1 BIRT 2 DATE 828 1 DEAT 2 DATE 880 1 NOTE Carolingian prince, son of Louis the German and father of Emperor Arnulf, 2 CONT duke of Bavaria (865-876). Carloman was King of Bavaria and Carinthia from 2 CONT 876-880, and proclaimed, but not crowned, the king of the Lombards in 877. He 2 CONT relinquished rule to brother Louis the Younger in 879. 1 FAMS @F578@ 1 FAMC @F574@ 0 @I1228@ INDI 1 NAME Louis III the/Younger/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of E Frankish realm 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 830 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 20 882 2 PLAC Frankfurt, Germany 1 NOTE King of part of the East Frankish realm who, by acquining western Lotharingia 2 CONT (Lorraine) from the West Franks, helped to establish German influence in that 2 CONT area. Under the arrangements made by his father in 865 & 872, Louis the 2 CONT Younger received Franconia, Thuringia, and Saxony after his father's death. 2 CONT When Charle the Bald attempted to seize eastern Lotharingia (the part that 2 CONT had belonged to Louis the German), Louis the Younger defeated him at 2 CONT Andernach in 876 and incorporated it into his own dominions. 1 FAMC @F574@ 0 @I1229@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Pepin/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F577@ 0 @I1230@ INDI 1 NAME Pepin II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aquitaine 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 823 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 865 1 NOTE He was defeated in war with Charles the Bald and deposed; relegated to a 2 CONT monastery but escaped and became a wanderer, once joining a Viking attack on 2 CONT Toulouse in 864, but he was captured and died in prison. 1 FAMC @F577@ 0 @I1231@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Carloman/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F578@ 0 @I1232@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Lothair/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F579@ 0 @I1233@ INDI 1 NAME Louis II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor of Italy 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 822 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 875 1 NOTE Even though this Louis II declared (874) in favor of Carloman, eldest son of 2 CONT Louis II the German, as the next emperor (August 875), Charles the Bald had 2 CONT himself crowned by Pope John VIII after Louis II's death. Meanwhile, Louis 2 CONT the German unsuccessfully attempted to invade Charles the Bald's posessions 2 CONT in Lotharingia. At the time of his death (Louis the German), Louis the German 2 CONT was again preparing for war against Charles the Bald. 1 FAMC @F579@ 0 @I1234@ INDI 1 NAME Desiderius // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Lombards 757-774 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 774 1 FAMS @F580@ 0 @I1235@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Desiderius/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F580@ 0 @I1236@ INDI 1 NAME Bertha // 1 NAME Bertrada, Berta, Berte,/Berthe/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 783 1 FAMS @F581@ 1 FAMC @F582@ 0 @I1237@ INDI 1 NAME Pepin III the/Short/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 714 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 24 768 2 PLAC Saint-Denis, Neustria (France) 1 NOTE As the first king of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, he limited himself to 2 CONT consolidating royal control in Gaul, thus establishing the base for later 2 CONT Carolingian (of and pertainging to Charlemagne, the Great) expansion. Pepin 2 CONT the Short, who had held de facto power over Francia as mayor of the palace, 2 CONT then desired to be king. He was crowned with the support of the papacy, 2 CONT which, threatened by the Lombards and having problems with Byzantium, sought 2 CONT out a protector in the West, with Pepin deposing of King Childeric III in 751. 1 FAMS @F581@ 1 FAMC @F583@ 0 @I1238@ INDI 1 NAME Caribert // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU count of Laon 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F582@ 0 @I1239@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Caribert/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU countess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F582@ 0 @I1240@ INDI 1 NAME Carloman // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of E Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE 751 1 DEAT 2 DATE 771 1 NOTE He was co-king of Franks with elder brother Charlemagne in 754 and King of 2 CONT the East Franks from 768-771. Note about Charlemagne: Besides expanding the 2 CONT political power of his empire, Charles brought a cutural renaissance in his 2 CONT empire. Although this imperium survived its founder by one generation, the 2 CONT medevial kingdoms of France and Gemany derived all their constitutional 2 CONT traditions from Charles's monarchy. Throughout medieval Europe, the person of 2 CONT Charles I was considered the prototype of a Christian king and emperor. 1 FAMC @F581@ 0 @I1241@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /Martel/ 1 NAME the /Hammer/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU mayor of Austrasia 715-41 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 688 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 22 741 2 PLAC Quierzy-sur-Oise, France 1 NOTE As mayor of the palace of Austrasia (the eastern part of the Frankish 2 CONT kingdom), Charles reunited and ruled the entire realm of the Frankish kingdom 2 CONT and stemmed the Sacacen invasion at Poitiers in 732. "The Hammer" was a 2 CONT man of valiant determination, ambition, and ability, striving incessantly to 2 CONT consolidate his power. In 733, Burgundy yielded to his rule, and in 734, he 2 CONT subdued the Frisians. Before his death he divided the Merovingian kingdom 2 CONT between sons Pepin and Carloman, never transferring royal title to himself. 1 FAMS @F583@ 1 FAMS @F584@ 1 FAMC @F585@ 0 @I1242@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charles/Martel/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Since there is no information about the wife of Charles Martel, this space 2 CONT will offer this information: After the death of Dogobert I in 639, there had 2 CONT been no king of any worth in the Frankist kingdom. All of them were of the 2 CONT Merovingian line --- idle, slothful, and bent on ease and luxury. The burden 2 CONT of rule lay upon the mayors of the palace, who, in reality, governed 2 CONT Austrasia, the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom (later part Germany), and 2 CONT Neustria, its western Portion (later part of France). 1 FAMS @F583@ 0 @I1243@ INDI 1 NAME Carloman // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU mayor of the palace 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 715 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 17 754 1 NOTE The mayor of the palace from 741-745 jointly with his brother Pepin the 2 CONT Short. He administered the Eastern Frankish kingdom, fought wars with the 2 CONT Germans and strengthened the power of the church. He retired to a monastery 2 CONT at Monte Soratte in 745 becoming a monk, and later, at Monte Cassino in 2 CONT Italy in 750. 1 FAMC @F583@ 0 @I1244@ INDI 1 NAME mistress of Charles/Martel/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU mistress 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was a Bavarian woman of "high rank". 1 FAMS @F584@ 0 @I1245@ INDI 1 NAME Grifo // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F584@ 0 @I1246@ INDI 1 NAME Pepin II of/Herstal/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU mayor of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 16 714 2 PLAC Jupille, near Liege (now in Belgium) 1 NOTE When he died in 714, he left as heirs three grandsons, his legitimate 2 CONT children all being dead. Until they came of age, his widow, Plectrude, was to 2 CONT hold power as mayor. This title was powerful in those times, for they 2 CONT directed the political, social, and commercial life of the Franks. As to 2 CONT Charles Martel, the illegitimate son of Pepin, well, he was left out of the 2 CONT will. But he was young, and determined, and a struggle for control at once 2 CONT began between him and his stepmother, apparently, Plectrude. 1 FAMS @F585@ 1 FAMC @F649@ 0 @I1247@ INDI 1 NAME Plectrude // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU mayor of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE AFTER 714 1 NOTE Both she and her stepson Charles Martel faced rebellion when her husband's 2 CONT will was made known. The king, Chilperic II, was in the power of Ragenfrid, 2 CONT mayor of the palace of Neustria, who joined forces with an enemy of the 2 CONT Franks, Radbod, king of the Frisians in Holland, in order to eliminate 2 CONT Charles who was imprisoned by Plectrude, but he escaped, gathered an army and 2 CONT conquererd the hostile Neustrians. This success led to the submission of 2 CONT Plectrude and the Austrasians. By 719 Charles governed the Franks as mayor. 1 FAMS @F585@ 0 @I1248@ INDI 1 NAME Madam /X/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Continued description of Charlemagne from #1222: "He strode with firm step 2 CONT and held himself like a man; he spoke with a higher voice than one would have 2 CONT expected of someone of his build. He enjoyed good health except for being 2 CONT repeatedly plagued by fevers four years before his death. Towards the end he 2 CONT dragged one foot." End description by Einhart, who lived at the court from 2 CONT about 795. This, from his writing called, "Vita Karoli Magni." 2 CONT Note: there is no written record about such a woman described as Madam X. 1 FAMS @F587@ 0 @I1249@ INDI 1 NAME Drogo // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was sent to a monastery by his half brother Louis I. All Louis's sisters & 2 CONT half sisters were sent to nunneries by Louis I, & his 3 half brothers sent to 2 CONT monasteries (??). Apparently, there were 3 illegitimate sons, as well as 2 CONT illegitimate daughters by Charlemagne. Records show that he had an only son 2 CONT by the first marriage, a "hunchback" named Pepin. there likely wa another 2 CONT woman ivolved to consider 3 sons as illegitimate(?). For this record, we'll 2 CONT call her (one woman only) Madam X. 1 FAMC @F587@ 0 @I1250@ INDI 1 NAME Hogo // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was sent to a monastery by his half brother Louis I. 1 FAMC @F587@ 0 @I1251@ INDI 1 NAME Theodoric // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was sent to a monastery by his half brother Louis I. 1 FAMC @F587@ 0 @I1252@ INDI 1 NAME Wife number 1 of Charles/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE No recods regarding her. Note: about Charlemagne's government: Charles's 2 CONT empire lacked the means by which the Romans had preserved theirs: a money 2 CONT economy, a paid civil service, a standing army, a properly maintained network 2 CONT of roads and communications, and a navy for coastal defense. His posthumus 2 CONT fame shone the more brightly as the following generations were unable to 2 CONT preserve the empire's internal peace, its unity, and its international 2 CONT position, but the future drew sustenance from the example set by Charlemagne. 1 FAMS @F588@ 0 @I1253@ INDI 1 NAME Pepin, the /hunchback/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Frankish prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Records show that in 792 an aristocratic conspiracy attempted to place on the 2 CONT throne the "hunchback Pepin", only son from Charles's first marriage. Records 2 CONT also show that the political concepts and motives of this attempt remain 2 CONT unknown. The political system of Charlemagne had been designed for one person 2 CONT on whose outstanding abilities everything depended, and with whose 2 CONT disappearance, it threatened to collapse. Charles's reign displayed great 2 CONT concern, born out of profound moral and religious convictions. 1 FAMC @F588@ 0 @I1254@ INDI 1 NAME Joseph /Bonaparte/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Naples 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1768 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1844 1 REFN See #1569 1 NOTE The Parthenopeon Republic was a short-lived republic in Naples proclaimed on 2 CONT January 23, 1799, after a popular uprising of Pro-French republicans resulting 2 CONT in the ouster of King Ferdinand IV. A counterrevolution was launched the same 2 CONT year by a papal army and an English fleet under Horatio Nelson that resulted 2 CONT in the wholesale butcheries of the republicans and the return of Ferdinand in 2 CONT 1802. In 1806, Napoleon avenged himself by invading Naples and proclaiming 2 CONT Joseph King of Naples on March 30, 1806. Ferdinand then fled to Sicily. 1 FAMC @F416@ 0 @I1255@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine of /Wurttemberg/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F589@ 0 @I1256@ INDI 1 NAME Mathilde-Letizia-Wilhelmine // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1820 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1904 1 FAMS @F590@ 1 FAMC @F589@ 0 @I1257@ INDI 1 NAME Anatole /Demidov/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F590@ 0 @I1258@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Napoleon/ 1 NAME Napoleon-Joseph-Charles-Paul, /Plon-Plon/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1822 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1891 1 NOTE He was named successor to Napoleon III. 1 FAMC @F589@ 0 @I1259@ INDI 1 NAME Stephen // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Meaux 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1101 2 PLAC Ramula 1 NOTE He was killed in a battle at Ramula during the Second Crusade. His wife acted 2 CONT as regent while he was away, and after he was killed. 1 FAMS @F591@ 0 @I1260@ INDI 1 NAME On of five/more/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Ivan married five more wives in succession nine years during the 1570's. 1 FAMS @F592@ 0 @I1261@ INDI 1 NAME Maria // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE There were no children of this failure of a marriage between cousins and 2 CONT they were separated for many years. 1 FAMS @F593@ 1 FAMC @F304@ 0 @I1262@ INDI 1 NAME William /I/ 1 NAME Wilhelm Friedrich /Ludwig/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German emperor 1871-1888 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 22 1797 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 09 1888 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 NOTE Willam I was a soverign whose conscientiousness and self-restraint fitted him 2 CONT for collaboration with stronger statesmen in raising his monarchy and the 2 CONT house of Hozenzollern to predominance. From October 1858 he was regent for 2 CONT his ailing childless brother, king Frederick William IV, and would succeed him 2 CONT in 1861, where he would continue to devote himself to the Prussian army and 2 CONT military affairs. Otto von Bismark, having become a forceful prime minister, 2 CONT arranged William's emperial title of a German Reich via the German princes. 1 FAMS @F595@ 1 FAMC @F596@ 0 @I1263@ INDI 1 NAME Augusta // 1 NAME Augusta of /Saxe-Wiemar-Eisenach/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE William married this witty and temperamental Princess after renouncing a 2 CONT youthful love affair with Eliza Radziwill. 1 FAMS @F595@ 0 @I1264@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /William/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Prussia 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 03 1770 2 PLAC Potsdam, Prussia 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 07 1840 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 NOTE Neglected by his father, he never mastered his resultant inferiority complex, 2 CONT but the influence of his wife Louisa occasionally moved him outside his 2 CONT essentually pedestrian character. His policy of neutrality in the War's of 2 CONT the Second and Third Coalitions accelerated the decline of Prussia's 2 CONT prestigue. The last 25 years of his reign show a downward trend of Prussia's 2 CONT fortunes, to which his personal limitations largely contributed. 1 FAMS @F596@ 1 FAMC @F597@ 0 @I1265@ INDI 1 NAME Louisa // 1 NAME Louisa of /Mecklenburg-Strelitz/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F596@ 0 @I1266@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /William/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Prussia 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 15 1795 2 PLAC near Berlin, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 02 1861 2 PLAC Sanssouci Palace, Potsdam, Prussia 1 NOTE His conservative politics helped spark the Revolution of 1848. In the 2 CONT aftermath of the failed revolution, Frederick William followed a reactionary 2 CONT course. In 1857 he was incapacitated by a stroke, and his brother, the future 2 CONT William I, became regent (1858-1861). He was completely unsoldierlike by 2 CONT nature, but rather, he became a disciple of the German Romantic movement with 2 CONT its nostalgia for the Middle Ages, appealing to his extremely sensitive 2 CONT dilettante artistic nature. 1 FAMS @F604@ 1 FAMC @F596@ 0 @I1267@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /William/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Prussia 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 25 1744 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 16 1797 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 NOTE Under his reign, Prussia achieved considerable expansion, despite his lack of 2 CONT exceptional military and political gifts. He was intellectually receptive and 2 CONT devoted to the arts, but when he succeeded his uncle Frederick the Great as 2 CONT king, he was unable to perpetuate his uncle's system of personal government. 2 CONT His most notorious domestic measure was his "Religious Edict" of 1788, which 2 CONT gave legal recognition of toleration to a narrow Protestantism. Culturally, 2 CONT painting, architecture, theatre, & music (chamber music) flourished under him. 1 FAMS @F597@ 1 FAMS @F603@ 1 FAMC @F598@ 0 @I1268@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Frederick/William/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She represented one of two dynastic marriages. 1 FAMS @F597@ 0 @I1269@ INDI 1 NAME Augustus /William/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prussian Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE No information about him except that he was the brother of Frederick the 2 CONT Great. 1 FAMS @F598@ 1 FAMC @F599@ 0 @I1270@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Augustus/William/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F598@ 0 @I1271@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick William /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Prussia 1 BIRT 2 DATE AUG 15 1688 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 31 1740 2 PLAC Potsdam, Prussia 1 NOTE The second Prussian king who transformed his country from a 2nd-rate power 2 CONT into the efficient and prosperous state that his son and successor, Frederick 2 CONT II the Great, made the dominate military power on the continent by being left 2 CONT with an efficient, centralized state with sound finances and an excellent 2 CONT army. Frederick William's foreign policy, however, proved to be much less 2 CONT effective than his domestic programs and by 1739, Prussia's only ally was 2 CONT France. 1 FAMS @F599@ 1 FAMC @F605@ 0 @I1272@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia Dorothea of/Hanover/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of George Louis, elector of Hanover (later George I, 2 CONT king of England). Her husband's vocation was the army and Prince Leopold I of 2 CONT Anhalt-Dessau became his lifelong friend & principle advisor in military 2 CONT matters. Frederick spent the rest of his life building the Prussian Army into 2 CONT Europe's best fighting instrument, as well as resolved to make his state 2 CONT financially independent. In 1713, Prussian armed forces numbered 38,000, but 2 CONT by his death, 1740, the army numbered 83,000 from a population of 2.2 million. 1 FAMS @F599@ 1 FAMC @F24@ 0 @I1273@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick II the/Great/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Prussia 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 24 1712 2 PLAC Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1786 1 NOTE Under his reign Prussia became one of the great states of Europe with greatly 2 CONT expanded territories and a military strength displayed to striking effect. 2 CONT There's little doubt that his father's violent and capricious bullying of him 2 CONT deeply influenced him. His reign saw a revolutionary change in the importance 2 CONT and prestigue of Prussia, which was to have profound implications for much of 2 CONT the subsequent history of Europe. He established in the minds of educated 2 CONT Europeans a notion of what "enlightened depotism" should be. 1 FAMS @F600@ 1 FAMC @F599@ 0 @I1274@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /Christine/ 1 NAME Elizabeth Christine of/Brunswick-Bevern/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was a member of a minor German princely family for whom Frederick, her 2 CONT husband, never cared for and whom he systematically neglected. The years of 2 CONT the 1730s were perhaps the happiest for Frederick, in semiretirement in the 2 CONT castle of Rheinsberg, as he read voraciously, absorbing the ideas on 2 CONT government and international relations that were to guide him throughout his 2 CONT life. His relations with his father remained strained. His last significant 2 CONT achievement was to unite a number of German states under Furstenbund. 1 FAMS @F600@ 0 @I1275@ INDI 1 NAME Prince /Henry/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE As the younger brother of Frederick the Great, Henry played a decisive role 2 CONT in making a partition of Poland in 1772, giving the state a much greater 2 CONT territorial coherence and more defensive frontiers. It also moved its 2 CONT geograghic center decisively to the east and sharpened the social and 2 CONT political differences that tended to separate it from the states of Europe. 2 CONT Frederick bears much of the responsibility for the partition, for he alone of 2 CONT the monarchs who took part had consciously desired it. 1 FAMC @F599@ 0 @I1276@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick William, the Great/Elector/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU elector of Brandenburg 1 BIRT 2 DATE FEB 16 1620 2 PLAC Colln, near Berlin, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 09 1688 2 PLAC Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany 1 NOTE As elector, he, after the devastations of the Thirty Years' War, was able to 2 CONT restore the Hollenzollern dominions by centralizing the political 2 CONT administration, reorganizing the state finances, rebuilding towns and cities, 2 CONT developing a strong army, and acquiring sovereignty over ducal Prussia. All 2 CONT these measures contributed to the foundation of the future Prussian monarchy. 2 CONT To maintain the power balance in the region, he advanced the interests of his 2 CONT own house by always joining the weaker power against the stronger. 1 FAMS @F601@ 1 FAMS @F606@ 1 FAMC @F607@ 0 @I1277@ INDI 1 NAME Louise Henrietta of/Orange/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F601@ 0 @I1278@ INDI 1 NAME George /William/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F602@ 0 @I1279@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanore d' /Olbreuze/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Huguenot lady 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F602@ 0 @I1280@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia /Juliana/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Sophia represented the lower ranking of German nobility. Therefore, her 2 CONT marriage was considered a morganatic marriage, the last of two such marriages 2 CONT for Frederick II. As well, he had two dynastic marriages (fully royal) during 2 CONT his lifetime. 1 FAMS @F603@ 0 @I1281@ INDI 1 NAME Friedrich /Wilhelm/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Graf von Brandenburg 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE "Frederick William" was appointed count of Brandenburg by his nephew, 2 CONT Frederick Willam IV. Since the count was a son of Frederick William's last 2 CONT morgnatic marriage (marriage to nobility of lower rank where high titles 2 CONT would rarely be passed on), he would be considered low on the succession 2 CONT line to become a future king of Prussia. 1 FAMC @F603@ 0 @I1282@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth of /Bavaria/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE This marriage to Elizabeth, a convert to Lutheranism, proved happy, although 2 CONT they had no children. Her husband's romantic-conservative convictions led him 2 CONT to approach politics as a question of ideas and problems rather than as a 2 CONT matter of hard reality. Conservative philosophers, men of letters, and 2 CONT politicians were among his friends and the men he admired. To him, liberalism 2 CONT meant revolution, though he was no absolutist and had no genuine will to 2 CONT domination, he was opposed to the political ideas of the 19th century. 1 FAMS @F604@ 0 @I1283@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Prussia 1 BIRT 2 DATE JUL 25 1657 2 PLAC Konigsberg, Prussia/Kaliningrad, Russia 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 25 1713 2 PLAC Berlin, Germany 1 NOTE He became the first king of Prussia, who freed his domains from imperial 2 CONT suzerainty, and continued the policy of territorial aggrandizement begun by 2 CONT his father, Frederick William, the Great Elector. Prussia's elevation to a 2 CONT monarchy gave greater cohesion to the diverse and dispersed Hollenzollern 2 CONT lands, which were then turned into provinces. Only his son, Frederick William 2 CONT II, and his grandson, Frederick II the Great, were able to exploit Prussia's 2 CONT enhanced position to the full and transorm the new kingdom into greatness. 1 FAMS @F605@ 1 FAMC @F601@ 0 @I1284@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Frederick/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Nothing about her to date. 1 FAMS @F605@ 0 @I1285@ INDI 1 NAME Dorothea of /Holstein-Glucksburg/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The children of this marriage were endowed with semi-autonomous 2 CONT principalities. Her husband always listened to his advisers' opinions but 2 CONT made all important decisions himself. The political views of all rulers of 2 CONT that period were rooted in religion. For the Great Elector, royal power was a 2 CONT God-given duty that was given a special character by the Elector's Calvinist 2 CONT beliefs, which bind the ruler, just as the least of his subjects, to prove 2 CONT himself visibly in his daily duties. He had immense, yet restrained, energy. 1 FAMS @F606@ 0 @I1286@ INDI 1 NAME George /William/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU elector of Brandenburg 1 BIRT 2 DATE NOV 13 1595 2 PLAC Kolln an der Spree, Brandenburg (Berlin) 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 01 1640 2 PLAC Konigsberg, Prussia/Kaliningrad, Russia 1 NOTE Though a Calvinist, George wa persuaded by his Roman Catholic adviser, Adam 2 CONT von Schwarzenberg, to stay out of the struggle between the Holy Roman emperor 2 CONT and the German Protestant princes. His neutrality won him the hostility of 2 CONT both sides. Gustavus II Adolpus of Sweden occupied Brandenburg in 1631, 2 CONT forcing the elector to join the Protestants, but after the Swedish defeat by 2 CONT an imperial army at Nordlingen in 1634, George withdrew from the conflict. 1 FAMS @F607@ 0 @I1287@ INDI 1 NAME Charlotte of /Palantine/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F607@ 0 @I1288@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /de Burgh/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 2nd earl of Ulster 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1259 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 29 1326 2 PLAC Athassel Monastery, Tipperary, Ireland 1 NOTE A member of an historic Anglo-Irish family, the Brughs, he became one of the 2 CONT most powerful Irish nobles of the late 13th and early 14th centuries. In 2 CONT 1286, he ravaged Connaught and reestablished his family's power there, 2 CONT deposing Brian O'Neil as chief native king of Connaught and substituting one 2 CONT of his own. He led his forces from Ireland to support England's King Edward I 2 CONT in his Scottish campaigns, and, on Edward de Bruces's invasion of Ulster, 2 CONT Richard marched against him, though his daughter married Robert de Bruce. 1 FAMS @F608@ 1 FAMC @F609@ 0 @I1289@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Richard/de Burgh/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F608@ 0 @I1290@ INDI 1 NAME Edward /de Bruce/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1318 2 PLAC killed in battle Faughart near Dundalk 1 NOTE See Richard de Burgh. 1 FAMC @F169@ 0 @I1291@ INDI 1 NAME Walter /de Burgh/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 1st earl of Ulster 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1230 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1271 1 NOTE He was the 1st ear of Ulster of the "second creation". 1 FAMS @F609@ 0 @I1292@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Walter/de Burgh/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F609@ 0 @I1293@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander, duke of/Teck/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Teck 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1830 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1900 1 FAMS @F610@ 0 @I1294@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Alexander, duke of/Teck/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess of Teck 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F610@ 0 @I1295@ INDI 1 NAME Edward // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince of Wales 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1453 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1471 1 NOTE He was killed during the War of the Roses at Tewkesbury by forces of the 2 CONT house of York, apparently. 1 FAMC @F54@ 0 @I1296@ INDI 1 NAME Aymer // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Anjouleme 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F611@ 0 @I1297@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Aymer/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Countess of Anjouleme 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F611@ 0 @I1298@ INDI 1 NAME Hugh // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of La Marcha 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F612@ 0 @I1299@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1214 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1241 1 FAMS @F613@ 1 FAMC @F85@ 0 @I1300@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Holy Roman Emperor 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 26 1194 2 PLAC Jesi, Ancona, Papal States 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 13 1250 2 PLAC Castel Fiorentino, Apulia, Sicily 1 BURI 2 PLAC cathedral of Palermo 1 NOTE King of Sicily 1197-1250, duke of Swabia as Frederick VI 1228-1235, German 2 CONT king 1212-1250, and Holy Roman Emperor 1220-1250. A Hohenstaufen, he pursued 2 CONT his dynasty's imperial policies against the papacy & the Italian city states; 2 CONT and he also joined in the Sixth Crusade (1228-1229), conquering several 2 CONT areas of the Holy Land and crowing himself king of Jerusaleem, reigning 2 CONT 1229-1243. He was buried alongside his 1st wife, his parents and his Norman 2 CONT grandfather. 1 FAMS @F615@ 1 FAMS @F683@ 1 FAMS @F616@ 1 FAMS @F613@ 1 FAMS @F687@ 1 FAMC @F664@ 0 @I1301@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /I/ 1 NAME the Barbarossa, the/Redbeard/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Germany 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1123 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 10 1190 2 PLAC Kingdom of Armenia; drowned 1 REFN See #1722 1 NOTE Frederick III as duke of Swabia, 1147-1190. He challenged papal authority and 2 CONT sought to establish German predominance in western Europe and engaged in a 2 CONT long struggle with the cities of Northern Italy (1154-1183), sending six major 2 CONT expeditions southward. He died while on the Third crusade to the Holy Land. 2 CONT He succeeded his uncle, Emperor Conrad III. He united in himself (his parent's 2 CONT blood lines) the blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufens. 1 FAMS @F663@ 1 FAMC @F837@ 0 @I1302@ INDI 1 NAME Constance /I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1154 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 27 1198 2 PLAC Palermo, Sicily 1 NOTE She had appointed Pope Innocent III as her son's guardian as well as her son's 2 CONT regent of the kingdom of Sicily, which was already under papal suzerainty. 2 CONT Her marriage to a Hohenstaufen gave the German dynasty a claim to the throne 2 CONT of Sicily, but her political skill preserved the throne for her son, 2 CONT Frederick II, crowned king in April 1198. On the death of her nephew, Tancred 2 CONT II (1189), Constance claimed the crown of Sicily, but the Sicilians supported 2 CONT Tancred of Lecce. But he died in 1194, allowing her to take the throne. 1 FAMS @F664@ 1 FAMC @F665@ 0 @I1303@ INDI 1 NAME Constance of /Aragon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1222 1 NOTE She was "much older" than Frederick. Some notes about Frederick, her husband: 2 CONT Frederick created an ongoing battle with the papacy, wherein, all of his 2 CONT heirs were dead within 22 years of his death, all victims of the battle with 2 CONT the papacy that Frederick had started. Frederick was to have jested that 2 CONT Moses, Christ, and Mohammad were three inposters who had themselves been 2 CONT hoodwinked. The pope, fearful that the Papal States were about to become 2 CONT isolated, excommunicated Frederick for the 2nd time on Palm Sunday, 1239. 1 FAMS @F615@ 0 @I1304@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German King of Romans 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1211 2 PLAC Sicily 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 12 1242 2 PLAC Martirano, Calabria, Sicily 1 REFN See #1465,#1300 1 NOTE He is usually not reckoned among the German kings, having been elected as 2 CONT German king of the Romans, as his deposition as German king was not 2 CONT considered necessary. Besides, his own father outlived him by 8 years. He had 2 CONT been taken prisoner after a vain attack on Worms. Imprisoned in Germany for 2 CONT awhile, he was moved to San Felice in Apulia and afterwards to a prison at 2 CONT Martirano in Calabria, where he died, probably at his own hands. 1 FAMC @F615@ 0 @I1305@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella /de Brienne/ 1 NAME Yolande /de Brienne/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Empress 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1228 1 NOTE She was the heiress of the titular king of Jerusalem. upon the marriage to 2 CONT her, Frederick declared himself king of Jerusalem, which was the high point 2 CONT as well as the turning point of Frederick's conception of sovereignty. 2 CONT Eschatological prophecies concerning his rule were then made, and the Emperor 2 CONT considered himself to be the messiah, a new David! His entry into Jerusalem 2 CONT was compared with that of Christ on Palm Sunday, and, indeed, in a manifesto 2 CONT the Emperor compared himself to Christ! 1 FAMS @F616@ 0 @I1306@ INDI 1 NAME Enzio // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU titular King of Sardinia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1220 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1272 2 PLAC died in prison 1 NOTE He was the "natural son" of Frederick II who, upon his marriage to the 2 CONT heiress to the throne of Sardinia, became titular king, but he never exercized 2 CONT sovereignty. Defeated and captured in 1249 by Bolognese, he was imprisoned 2 CONT from 1249 'til his death in 1272. He was titular king from 1243. With his 2 CONT death this family line ended. 1 FAMS @F617@ 1 FAMC @F683@ 0 @I1307@ INDI 1 NAME Adelasia // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Sardinia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE When she married she was the heiress to the throne of Sardinia, the daughter 2 CONT of the king of Sardinia. 1 FAMS @F617@ 0 @I1308@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick IV // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1574 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1610 1 NOTE He founded Evangelical Union in 1608 - strongly devoted to the Protest cause. 1 FAMS @F618@ 0 @I1309@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Frederick/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F618@ 0 @I1310@ INDI 1 NAME Joan of /Acre/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1271 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1307 1 FAMS @F619@ 1 FAMC @F82@ 0 @I1311@ INDI 1 NAME Gilbert /de Clare/ 1 NAME Red /Earl/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 9th Earl of Clair 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1243 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1295 1 NOTE He was the 9th earl of Clare, the 7th earl of Hertford, and the 6th earl of 2 CONT Gloucester. Known a Red Earl, he was the leader of the Baron's War against 2 CONT the English king Henry III who was forced to accept a negotiated settlement. 2 CONT His sister was Elizaberth de Clare (1291?-1360), founder of Clare College at 2 CONT the University of Cambridge, England. 1 FAMS @F619@ 0 @I1312@ INDI 1 NAME Gilbert /de Clare/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU 10th earl of Clare 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1291 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1314 1 NOTE When he died childless, the male line of Clares came to an end. 1 FAMC @F619@ 0 @I1313@ INDI 1 NAME Caroline /Matilda/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1751 2 PLAC London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1775 2 PLAC Celle, Germany 1 NOTE She married her cousin, Christian, in 1766, but he was insane. Her liasian 2 CONT with Count Johann Frederick Struensee, the court physician and statesman, was 2 CONT discovered and made public by Christian. The Count was beheaded and Caroline 2 CONT was divorced and imprisoned, at first, by Christian, but she was freed later 2 CONT and spent her last year in Celle, Germany. 1 FAMS @F620@ 1 FAMC @F26@ 0 @I1314@ INDI 1 NAME Christian /VII/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Denmark 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1749 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1808 1 FAMS @F620@ 0 @I1315@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Denmark & Norway 1 FAMC @F620@ 0 @I1316@ INDI 1 NAME Chlotar /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Soissons from 511 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 561 2 PLAC Compiegne, France 1 NOTE Merovingian king of Soissons from 511, receiving the old heartlands of the 2 CONT Salian Franks in modern northern France and Belgium. After the death of 2 CONT brother Clodomir in 524, Chlotar murdered his nephews and shared the kingdom 2 CONT of Orleans with the remaining brothers, Childebert I and Theodoric I. The 2 CONT deaths without heirs of the latter's grandson, Theobold in 555, and of 2 CONT Childebert in 558 brought all the Frankish lands under Chlotar's sway. He was 2 CONT ruthless and brutal and usually won in family hostilities. He died of fever. 1 FAMS @F628@ 1 FAMS @F621@ 1 FAMS @F638@ 1 FAMC @F629@ 0 @I1317@ INDI 1 NAME Aregund // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Chlotar I married sisters, Ingund first, then Aregund. 1 FAMS @F621@ 0 @I1318@ INDI 1 NAME Sigebert /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 535 1 DEAT 2 DATE C NOV 575 2 PLAC Vitry, near Arras, France, assassinated 1 NOTE He was a Merovingian king, the name of the first Frankish dynasty, derived 2 CONT from the name Merivech, son of Chlodian, kings of Salian Franks. The dynasty 2 CONT was fully established by Clovis I, lasting through the reign of Childeric III 2 CONT to 571 AD. Sigbert I was murdered at the instigation of Fredegund, mistress 2 CONT of his 1/2 brother Chilperic, in 575. Brunhild, his widow, was imprisoned at 2 CONT Rouen. Sigebert and his 1/2 brother, Chilperic, were hostile to each other, 2 CONT especially after the murder of Galswintha, his sister-in-law, by Chilperic. 1 FAMS @F622@ 1 FAMC @F628@ 0 @I1319@ INDI 1 NAME Chilperic /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Soissons 1 BIRT 2 DATE 539 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP/OCT 584 2 PLAC Chelles, France, assassinated by ?? 1 NOTE Neustria: a Frankish kingdom to the west of neighboring Austrasia, later 2 CONT becoming part of western France. Chilperic, a Merovingian king of Siossons 2 CONT whom historian Gregory of Tours called the Nero and the Herod of his age, 2 CONT was ambitious, brutal, and debauched, but had pretensions to being a man of 2 CONT learning. He wrote poor poetry, ordered four letters added to the alphabet, 2 CONT and regarded the church as a major rival to his wealth, treating the bishops 2 CONT with contempt and displaying injustice & imposing high taxes on his subjects. 1 FAMS @F624@ 1 FAMS @F627@ 1 FAMC @F621@ 0 @I1320@ INDI 1 NAME Brunhild // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 534 1 BAPM 2 DATE 567 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE 613 2 PLAC Reneve, Burgundy (France) 1 NOTE Austrasia was a Frankish kingdom taking in what later became the NE part of 2 CONT France and the SW part of Germany. When her husband was assassinated in 575 2 CONT she was imprisoned. Then, Merovech, a son of Chilperic, went through a from 2 CONT of marriage with he, dissolved by Chilperic, but she was allowed to go the 2 CONT Mets, Austrasia, with her young son, Childebert II, who had been proclaimed 2 CONT king. There, she asserted herself against the Austrasian Magnates for the 2 CONT next 30 years. 1 FAMS @F622@ 1 FAMC @F623@ 0 @I1321@ INDI 1 NAME Athanagild // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Visigoths (Spain) 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 567 1 FAMS @F623@ 0 @I1322@ INDI 1 NAME Galswintha // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 540 1 DEAT 2 DATE 567 1 FAMS @F624@ 1 FAMC @F623@ 0 @I1323@ INDI 1 NAME Childebert II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 570 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 595 1 NOTE Dominated at times by his mother, she was hostile to his uncle Chilperic, 2 CONT king of Soissons. He was succeeded by his sons, Theodebert II and Theodoric 2 CONT II. Power struggles eveywhere, but when his mother, Brunhild, tried to make 2 CONT the son of Childebert II King of Austrasia later on, because of a tyrannous 2 CONT regency, she was handed over to Chlotar at Reneve. She then was tortured for 2 CONT three days, bound on a camel and exposed to the mockery of the army, and 2 CONT finally dragged to death at a horse's tail (autumn 613). 1 FAMS @F625@ 1 FAMC @F622@ 0 @I1324@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Childebert/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F625@ 0 @I1325@ INDI 1 NAME Theodebert II // 1 NAME Theudebert II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 584 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 612 1 NOTE Theodebert II succeeded his father, Childebert II, to the throne of Austrasia 2 CONT in 595, while his brother, Theodoric II, mounted that of Burgundy. After 2 CONT early cooperation of the brothers against their cousin Chlotar II, King of 2 CONT Neutrasia, the brothers fell out and both crowns of Austrasia and Burgundy 2 CONT fell into the hands of Choltar. Theodebert, having been captured, was turned 2 CONT over to his grandmother, Brunhild, previously exile from his court, who led 2 CONT him to become a cleric and perhaps had him murdered (childess). 1 FAMC @F625@ 0 @I1326@ INDI 1 NAME Theodoric II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Burgundy 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 586 1 DEAT 2 DATE 613 2 PLAC Metz, France 1 NOTE Younger son of the Merovingian Childebert II, he succeeded his father as king 2 CONT of Burgundy in 595. Cooperation with his brother, king Theodebert II of 2 CONT Austrasia II, was led to discord, and in 612 Theodoric, supported by his 2 CONT grandmother, Brunhild, overthrew his brother. His death shortly after led, 2 CONT after the weeks-long reign of his young son, Sigebert II, to the 2 CONT reunification of the Frankish lands under Chlotar II. 1 FAMS @F626@ 1 FAMC @F625@ 0 @I1327@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Theodoric/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F626@ 0 @I1328@ INDI 1 NAME Sigebert II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King 1 BIRT 2 DATE 601 1 DEAT 2 DATE 613 1 NOTE Ephemeral successor to his father, Theodoric II, as king of Austrasia and 2 CONT Burgundy; he reigned only a mater of weeks before the hostility of the 2 CONT Austrasian nobility, led by Arnuk of Metz and Pepin I, to his 2 CONT great-grandmother Brunhild led to his overthrow and the reunification of the 2 CONT Frankish lands under Chlotar II. Both Sigebert II and Brunhild were killed by 2 CONT Chlotar. 1 FAMC @F626@ 0 @I1329@ INDI 1 NAME Fredegund // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Mistress, then consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 597 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE Originally a servant, she became Chilperic's mistress after instigating the 2 CONT murder by Chilperic of his then wife and queen, Galswintha. Becoming his 2 CONT queen later, she was certainly responsible for the assassination of Sigebert 2 CONT in 575 and made attempts on the lives of Guntram (her brother-in-law and king 2 CONT of Burgundy) Childebert II (son of Sigebert), and Brunhild, wife of Sigebert. 2 CONT Ruthlessly murderous and sadistically cruel, Fredgund can have few rivals in 2 CONT monstrousness. 1 FAMS @F627@ 0 @I1330@ INDI 1 NAME Chlotar II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King 1 BIRT 2 DATE C MAY/JUN 584 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 18 629 1 NOTE The son of Fredegund, Chlotar (an infant when his father Chilperic I was 2 CONT assassinated in 584) was assured accession by the power of his mother and 2 CONT protection of his uncle, Guntram. Sigebert II, son of Brunhild, allowed 2 CONT Chlotar to seize both the crowns of Austrasia and Burgundy and thus to unite 2 CONT the Frankish lands. Chlotar killed both Sigebert II and his mother, Brunhild. 2 CONT As to governing, he maintained separate mayors of the palace for the three 2 CONT districts over which he ruled, and was succeeded by his son, Dagobert I. 1 FAMS @F641@ 1 FAMC @F627@ 0 @I1331@ INDI 1 NAME Ingund // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F628@ 0 @I1332@ INDI 1 NAME Clotilda // 1 NAME Saint Clotilda, June 3 feast/day/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE C JUN 03 545 2 PLAC Tours, France 1 BURI 2 PLAC Sainte-Genevieve Church, Paris 1 NOTE Clotilda was tireless in urging her husband to renounce his idols and 2 CONT acknowledge the "true God"; his final decision (498?) was made to honor a vow 2 CONT taken during a battle against Alemanni. After her husband's death in 511, she 2 CONT retired to Tours, France and became famous for her sanctity of life, 2 CONT generosity to the church (Sainte-Genevieve) that they had cofounded in Paris, 2 CONT and charity work. She had one sister, with whom she took refuge after their 2 CONT parents were murdered by their uncle Gundobad sometime before 500 AD. 1 FAMS @F629@ 1 FAMC @F630@ 0 @I1333@ INDI 1 NAME Clovis /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Salian Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 466 1 BAPM 2 DATE C 498 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 27 511 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 BURI 2 PLAC Sainte-Genevieve Church, Paris 1 NOTE Clovis was the Merovingian founder of the Frankish kingdom that dominated 2 CONT much of western Europe in the early Middle Ages. At Soissons, in 486, he 2 CONT defeated Syagrius, the last Roman ruler in Gaul. His family was secure in an 2 CONT unrivaled dominance that was to last until the 8th century. 1 FAMS @F629@ 1 FAMS @F633@ 1 FAMC @F632@ 0 @I1334@ INDI 1 NAME Chilperic // 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F630@ 1 FAMC @F631@ 0 @I1335@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Chilperic/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F630@ 0 @I1336@ INDI 1 NAME Gundioc // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Burgundy 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He was related to the Visigothic kings and shared their Arian Christian 2 CONT faith. At his death, his kingdom was divided between his four sons, Gundobad, 2 CONT Godegesil, Chilperic, and Gundomar. Later, Gundobad murdered brother 2 CONT Chilperic and his consort/wife, forcing their two daughters to take refuge in 2 CONT Geneva with uncle Godegesil. Clovis, hearing good reports of the one 2 CONT daughter, Clotilda, obtained permission for marriage from Gundobad, a 2 CONT marriage yielding 4 sons, 3 to become future kings. 1 FAMS @F631@ 0 @I1337@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Gundioc/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F631@ 0 @I1338@ INDI 1 NAME Gundobad // 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F631@ 0 @I1339@ INDI 1 NAME Godegesil // 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F631@ 0 @I1340@ INDI 1 NAME Gundomar // 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F631@ 0 @I1341@ INDI 1 NAME Clodomir // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Orleans 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 496 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 25 524 2 PLAC Vezeronce, near Vienne, France 1 NOTE Receiving a quarter of his fathers partition, he received lands in western 2 CONT central France. In 523, he and two full brothers, Chlotar I and Childebert I, 2 CONT as allies, attacked his eastern neighbors, the Burgundians; their king, 2 CONT Sigismund, was captured and put to death, together with his family. In the 2 CONT following year, Clodomir resumed the attack, this time with his half-brother 2 CONT Theodoric I, but was killed at the battle of Vezeronce, where king Godomer, 2 CONT Sigismund's brother, was his opponent. 1 FAMS @F634@ 1 FAMC @F629@ 0 @I1342@ INDI 1 NAME Childebert /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Frankish King 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 498 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 23 558 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE He received lands in NW France from his father's partition. On one expedition, 2 CONT he brought back the tunic of martyred St. Vincent, housing this in a new 2 CONT foundation at Paris that came to be called Saint-Germain-des-Pres. He left no 2 CONT sons and his lands were taken over by Chlotar I on his death. 1 FAMC @F629@ 0 @I1343@ INDI 1 NAME Ingomer // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F629@ 0 @I1344@ INDI 1 NAME Childeric /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Salian Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 481 1 BURI 2 DATE TOMB 2 PLAC Tournai 1 NOTE One of the first of the Merovingians and father to Clovis I. His role as a 2 CONT barbarian ally of the Romans was important, by helping to repel the Visigoths 2 CONT near Orleans (463), attacked them again in 469, and later cleared Anglo-Saxon 2 CONT pirates from the district SW of Orleans around Angers. His tomb was 2 CONT discovered at Tournai in 1653. 1 FAMS @F632@ 1 FAMC @F637@ 0 @I1345@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Childeric/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F632@ 0 @I1346@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Clovis/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F633@ 0 @I1347@ INDI 1 NAME Theodoric /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Reims 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 533 OR 534 1 NOTE He was the eldest son of Clovis I, but was born of an unknown woman, unlike 2 CONT the other four sons of Clovis. An able soldier, he played an important part 2 CONT in his father's campaigns against the Visigoths. His quarter of his father's 2 CONT lands were those in the north (future Austrasia), those most frequently 2 CONT attacked by outsiders. In the 520s Theodoric I gained a share of his brother 2 CONT Clodomir's kingdom when 2 of the dead kings sons were murdered by Theodoric's 2 CONT two other half-brothers, Childebert I and Chlotar I. Chodovald, escaped. 1 FAMS @F635@ 1 FAMC @F633@ 0 @I1348@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Clodomir/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F634@ 0 @I1349@ INDI 1 NAME Chlodovald // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He had two brothers who were killed by uncles Chlotar I and Childebert I in 2 CONT the 520s, but Chlodovald escaped, to enter the religious life and found the 2 CONT monastery at Paris that bears his name (Saint-Cloud). 1 FAMC @F634@ 0 @I1350@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Theodoric/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F635@ 0 @I1351@ INDI 1 NAME Theodebert /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Reims 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 495/500 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 547/548 1 NOTE He greatly expanded the area under Frankish hemony. He was a proven soldier 2 CONT before he came to the throne and claimed control of the peoples from the 2 CONT Baltic to beyond the Danube. By minting coins bearing his, rather than the 2 CONT Byzantine emperor's, effigy and name, Theodebert asserted his independence of 2 CONT Constantinople, against which he apparently even invisioned mounting an 2 CONT expedition. He was the most appealing of the Merovingians and , Clovis apart, 2 CONT perhaps the most remarkable personality among them (succeeded by Theobald). 1 FAMS @F636@ 1 FAMC @F635@ 0 @I1352@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Theodebert/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F636@ 0 @I1353@ INDI 1 NAME Theobald // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Reims 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 555 1 NOTE He proved incapable of continuing his father's dynamic policies. He left no 2 CONT son, and on his death his kingdom passed to his granduncle, Chlotar I. 1 FAMC @F636@ 0 @I1354@ INDI 1 NAME Merovich // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Salian Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 481/482 1 NOTE Clovis I belonged to the Merovingian dynasty, so named for this grandfather, 2 CONT Merovich. Under Clovis' successors, the Merovingians were able to extend 2 CONT Frankish power east of the Rhine and ruled their Frankish territories until 2 CONT they were displaced by the Carolingian family in the 8th century. The 2 CONT Caroligian Charlemagne (Charles I the Great), ruled and restored the western 2 CONT Roman Empire in cooperation with the papacy and spread Christianity into 2 CONT central and northern Germany. His empire disentregrated by mid-800 AD. 1 FAMS @F637@ 1 FAMC @F648@ 0 @I1355@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Merivich/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Nothing definite is known about the life of Merovech and his wife. Her 2 CONT husband was the king of the Salian Franks. He's mentioned in Gregory of 2 CONT Tour's History of the Franks and, according to later sources, fought against 2 CONT Attila the Hun at the Battle of Catalaunian Plains in 451 AD. He succeeded 2 CONT Chlodio as king in c.447. What specific relationship they were to each other 2 CONT has not yet been found, however, in this family tree system we'll acknowledge 2 CONT them as being father and son. 1 FAMS @F637@ 0 @I1356@ INDI 1 NAME Radegunda // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Merovingians historically seemed to be of a violent and hostile nature. 2 CONT Apparently, he had a son to this princess, his third wife, and , apparently 2 CONT his name was, Chram. Early writings say that Chlotar, in 560, "even had his 2 CONT rebellious son, Chram, together with Chram's family, put to death". Early 2 CONT writer Gregory of Tours describes Chlotar, wracked with fever on his 2 CONT deathbed, asking---whether in outrage or in admiration---what manner of 2 CONT heavenly king it was to bring great rulers to their deaths in such a fashion. 1 FAMS @F638@ 0 @I1357@ INDI 1 NAME Chram // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 560 2 PLAC put to death by his father 1 NOTE See message under his mother. 1 FAMC @F638@ 0 @I1358@ INDI 1 NAME Charibert /I/ 1 NAME king of /Paris/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 567/568 1 NOTE The eldest son shared in the partition he inherited the old kingdom of 2 CONT Childebert I, with its capital at Paris. Elequent and learned in the law, he 2 CONT was loose-living and died excommunicate. At his death, his brothers, Guntram, 2 CONT Sigebert I and Chilperic I shared the realm between them: the east 2 CONT (Austrasia), the west (the future Neustria) and Burgundy. 1 FAMS @F639@ 1 FAMC @F628@ 0 @I1359@ INDI 1 NAME Guntram // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Burgundy 1 BIRT 2 DATE PRE 535 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 28 592 1 NOTE Merovigian king who strove to maintain the balance of power among his warring 2 CONT relations. He received Burgundy in the quadripartite division in 561 upon his 2 CONT father's death, and added further territory when his brother, Charibert of 2 CONT Paris, died in 567/68. Well endowed with the political skills of prudence and 2 CONT duplicity, he attempted to prevent either of his remaining brothers from 2 CONT gaining too much power. After brother Sigebert was murdered, he tried to 2 CONT protect the interests of Sigebert's surviving young son, Childebert II. 1 FAMC @F628@ 0 @I1360@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Charibert/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F639@ 0 @I1361@ INDI 1 NAME Bertha // 1 NAME or /Berhta/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F640@ 1 FAMC @F639@ 0 @I1362@ INDI 1 NAME Aethelberht /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Kent 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 BAPM 2 PLAC Converted to Christianity 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 24 616 1 NOTE He issued the first extant code of Anglo-Saxon laws, a code that established 2 CONT the legal position of the clergy and many secular regulations. According to 2 CONT Bede, English historian and theologian, Aethelberht's kingdom included all of 2 CONT England south of the Humber, but probably only at the end of his reign. 1 FAMS @F640@ 0 @I1363@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Chlotar/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F641@ 0 @I1364@ INDI 1 NAME Dagobert /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Franks from 629 1 BIRT 2 DATE 605 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 19 639 2 PLAC Saint-Denis, France 1 NOTE He was the last of the Mervoingian dynasty to rule a realm united in more 2 CONT than name only. He moved his capital from Austrasia to Paris, a central 2 CONT location from which the kingdom could be governed more efficiently. Famed for 2 CONT his love of justice, he was nevertheless greedy and dissolute. The prosperity 2 CONT of his reign, and the revival of the arts during this period, can be judged 2 CONT by the rich contents of the tombs of the period and from the goldsmith's work 2 CONT at churches. He encouraged learning & founded Saint-Denis abbey. 1 FAMS @F642@ 1 FAMC @F641@ 0 @I1365@ INDI 1 NAME Charibert II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Aquitaine 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 631 2 PLAC Blaye, France, assassinated 1 NOTE On the death of his father, the entire Frankish realm went to brother 2 CONT Dagobert in 629, but he was ceded several territories with a capital at 2 CONT Toulouse, a kingdom called Aquitaine. He and his infant son were assassinated 2 CONT the following year and the kingdom reverted back to brother Dagobert. 1 FAMC @F641@ 0 @I1366@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Dagobert/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F642@ 0 @I1367@ INDI 1 NAME Sigebert III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 631 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 01 656 2 PLAC Metz France 1 NOTE He was one of the first "rois faineants"("sluggard kings") of the Merovingian 2 CONT dynasty, who held no real power of his own but was ruled by whoever was his 2 CONT "mayor of the palace". Sigebert was governed first by Bishop Chunibert of 2 CONT Cologne and Duke Adagisile; then, on Dagobert's death, by Chunibert and Pepin 2 CONT I, the mayor of the palace (d.640); and finallyby Pepin's son, Grimoald, 2 CONT mayor of the palace from 642 or 643 until the king's death. 1 FAMS @F643@ 1 FAMC @F642@ 0 @I1368@ INDI 1 NAME Clovis II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 634 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT/NOV 657 1 NOTE Merovingian Frankish king of Neustria and Burgundy from 639. He was dominated 2 CONT successively by Aega and Erchinoald, Neustrian mayors of the palace. 1 FAMS @F644@ 1 FAMC @F642@ 0 @I1369@ INDI 1 NAME Himnechildis // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F643@ 0 @I1370@ INDI 1 NAME Dagobert II // 1 NAME Saint Dagobert, feast day December/23/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 650 1 DEAT 2 DATE DEC 23 679 2 PLAC near Stenay, Lorraine (France) 1 NOTE Dagobert was packed off to an Irish monastery following the death of his 2 CONT father in 656, and the Austrasian throne was taken by Childebert the adopted 2 CONT son of Grimoald, the Austrasian mayor of the palace. After the downfall of 2 CONT Grimoald and Childebert, Dagobert's cousin Chlotar III, king of Neustria, 2 CONT secured the throne for Childeric II in 662. On Childeric's assassination in 2 CONT 675, Dagobert was traced and restored to the throne in 676. His murder 3 years 2 CONT years later led to a nominal unity of all Frankish lands under Theodoric III. 1 FAMC @F643@ 0 @I1371@ INDI 1 NAME Bathilda // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F644@ 0 @I1372@ INDI 1 NAME Childeric II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE 649 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 675 2 PLAC Chelles, France, between Sep 10 & Nov 15 1 NOTE The 2nd son of Clovis II, he became king in 662 on the death of Childebert 2 CONT the adopted, a usurper and the son of Grimoald, one time mayor of the palace. 2 CONT Childeric reigned under joint control of Himnechildis, the mother of Dagobert 2 CONT II, whose right to the throne Childebert had usurped, and of Wulfoald, mayor 2 CONT of the palace. He later became master of Neustria and Burgundy, as well as of 2 CONT Austrasia. Lacking political ability, he was the last Merovingian to attempt 2 CONT to exercise authority. Hostility to Austrasia led to his assassination in 675. 1 FAMC @F644@ 0 @I1373@ INDI 1 NAME Chlotar III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Neustria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 10/11 673 1 NOTE After the retirement of his mother, Bathilda, to a monastery in 664 or 665, 2 CONT he came---and remained---under the domination of the Neustrian mayor of the 2 CONT palace, Ebroin. 1 FAMC @F644@ 0 @I1374@ INDI 1 NAME Childebert III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 683 1 DEAT 2 DATE 711 1 NOTE He was puppet king of the Franks, totally dominated by Pepin II, the 2 CONT Austrasian mayor of the palace and Charlmagne's great-grandfather. 1 FAMS @F646@ 1 FAMC @F645@ 0 @I1375@ INDI 1 NAME Theodoric III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Neustria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 690/691 1 NOTE He succeeed his brother Chlotar III as king, but was soon deposed by brother 2 CONT Childeric II, as his crown was restored in 675, but then, "He" was deposed 2 CONT again in favor of Clovis (allegedly Chlotar's son), but recovered his crown 2 CONT in 676 and finally (679) also became King of Austrasia. A puppet pure and 2 CONT simple, he then had to watch his subjects fight one another until the final 2 CONT victory of Pepin II, and the Austrasians at the Battle of Tertry in 687. See 2 CONT message under Theodoric's wife. 1 FAMS @F645@ 1 FAMC @F644@ 0 @I1376@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Theodoric/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Ebroin, the mayor of the palace of Neustria from 656, took it upon himself to 2 CONT appoint Theodoric III as successor when Chlotar III died in 673. The magnates 2 CONT rebelled at the lack of consultation and called upon a 3rd brother, king 2 CONT Childeric II of Austrasia, but he was assassinated in 675. Ebroin escaped but 2 CONT implicated St. Leodegar, bishop of Autun. The bishop's tongue and lips were 2 CONT cut off before being finally executed. Ebroin's cruelty and oppression were 2 CONT such, however, that he was later assassinated by a Frankish nobleman. 1 FAMS @F645@ 0 @I1377@ INDI 1 NAME Clovis III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE 682 1 DEAT 2 DATE 695 1 NOTE During his reign actual power was held by the Carolingian Pepin II of 2 CONT Herstal, the mayor of the palace of Austrasia. See Pepin II. 1 FAMC @F645@ 0 @I1378@ INDI 1 NAME Chlotar IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU alleged King of Austrasia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 719 1 NOTE Allegedly the Merovingian king of Austrasia, placed on the throne by the 2 CONT mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, in 715/716 in order to check the 2 CONT pretensions of the Neustrian Chilperic II. Chlotar II was possibly a son of 2 CONT Theodoric III, but his bloodline is doubtful. See Charles Martel. 1 FAMC @F645@ 0 @I1379@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Childebert/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F646@ 0 @I1380@ INDI 1 NAME Dagobert III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE 699 1 DEAT 2 DATE 715/716 1 NOTE For most of his reign, the boy king was dominated by Pepin II of Herstal, the 2 CONT Austrasian mayor of the palace. See Pepin II of Herstal. 1 FAMS @F647@ 1 FAMC @F646@ 0 @I1381@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Dagobert/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F647@ 0 @I1382@ INDI 1 NAME Theodoric IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 737 1 NOTE He was penultimate (next to the last) ruler of the Merovingian dynasty, and 2 CONT only a puppet controlled by Charles Martel, the grandfather of Charles I the 2 CONT Great, aka Charlemagne. Theodoric was totally ingored by the chroniclers of 2 CONT the day. See Childeric III, as the last Merovingian ruler, unconnected to 2 CONT others in this family tree program. 1 FAMC @F647@ 0 @I1383@ INDI 1 NAME Childeric III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 755 2 PLAC Sithiu monastery, near Saint-Omer 1 NOTE Effective power in France had long been wielded by the Carolingian mayors of 2 CONT the palace, but the revolt following the death of Charles Martel in 741 made 2 CONT it wise to have his sons, Carloman and Pepin III the Short, in 743, to place 2 CONT Childeric III of questionable legitimacy, on the Frankish throne. Then, they 2 CONT would be better able to dissemble their authority behind his name. Carloman 2 CONT entered a monastery in 747, and, when Pepin III felt sufficiently secure to 2 CONT have himself elected king of the Franks in 751, Childeric was deposed. 0 @I1384@ INDI 1 NAME Chlodio // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Salian Franks 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C. 447 1 NOTE A king of a tribe of Salian Franks, Chlodio, considered the founder of the 2 CONT Merovingian dynasty. His tribe renounced the suzerainty of Rome after 428 and 2 CONT broke across the Scheldt River, spreading southward into Gaul until they 2 CONT reached Tournai and Cambrai. Their defeat (c. 431) by the Roman general 2 CONT Aetius at Helena (Helesme), between Tournai and Bambrai, prevented further 2 CONT expansion. Chlodio did occupy all the country as far as the Somme River, 2 CONT however, and he made Tournai the capitol of the Salian Franks. 1 FAMS @F648@ 0 @I1385@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Chlodio/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F648@ 0 @I1386@ INDI 1 NAME Begga // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F649@ 1 FAMC @F652@ 0 @I1387@ INDI 1 NAME Ansegisel // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 565 2 PLAC Paris, France, assassinated 1 NOTE See message under Grimold, #1396. 1 FAMS @F649@ 1 FAMC @F653@ 0 @I1388@ INDI 1 NAME Grimoald // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE This is not the Grimoald who was the mayor of the palace, but a different one 2 CONT who lived later - not much about him is available. 1 FAMS @F650@ 1 FAMC @F585@ 0 @I1389@ INDI 1 NAME Theodelind // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Nothing is found about her except that she married Grimoald, the son of Pepin 2 CONT II of Herstal. 1 FAMS @F650@ 1 FAMC @F651@ 0 @I1390@ INDI 1 NAME Radob // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Frisian King 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 719 1 NOTE Frisian chief or Frisian king, or king of the Frisian Saxons. After several 2 CONT years of warfare with Pepin II of Herstal, Radob's daughter marries Pepin's 2 CONT son, Grimoald about the year 689. 1 FAMS @F651@ 0 @I1391@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Radob/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F651@ 0 @I1392@ INDI 1 NAME Pepin /I/ 1 NAME Pepin the Elder, Pepin of/Landen/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 640 1 BURI 2 PLAC councillor of king Chlotar II 1 NOTE Through the marriage of his daughter Begga with Ansegisel, son of Arnulf (d. 2 CONT 641; bishop of Metz), Pepin was the founder of the Carolingian dynasty. 2 CONT Deprived of his mayoralty at the accession (629) of Dagobert I, he regained 2 CONT power in Austrasia after that king's death (January 639) but did not long 2 CONT survive to enjoy it. 1 FAMS @F652@ 0 @I1393@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Pepin/I/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F652@ 0 @I1394@ INDI 1 NAME Arnulf of /Metz/ 1 NAME Saint Arnulf, feast day August 16 or/19/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU bishop of Metz 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 580 2 PLAC near Nancy (France) 1 DEAT 2 DATE C JUL-18-640 2 PLAC Remiremont 1 NOTE With Pepin I, he is the earliest known ancestor of Charlemagne. A Frankish 2 CONT noble, Arnulf gave distinguished service at the Austrasian court under 2 CONT Theodebert II (595-612). In 613, however, he led the aristocratic opposition 2 CONT to Brunhild that led to her downfall and to the reunification of Frankish 2 CONT lands under Chlotar II. Later, from 623, under Pepin as mayor of the palace, 2 CONT Arnulf was advisor to Dagobert I, before retiring (629?) to become a hermit. 2 CONT His grandson, Pepin II, became Charlemagne's grandfather. 1 FAMS @F653@ 0 @I1395@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Arnulf of/Metz/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F653@ 0 @I1396@ INDI 1 NAME Grimoald // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU mayor of the palace 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 656 2 PLAC Paris, France, assassinated 1 NOTE Having served under king Sigebert III for 13 years, and being rich and able, 2 CONT Grimoald made political moves to suppland the Meroviangians by lastly sending 2 CONT Dagobert II off to an Irish monastery and proclaiming his son, Childebert the 2 CONT Adopted as King of Austrasia. Austrasian aristocracy reacted against him 2 CONT and his king, who was not of royal blood. Grimoald, his adopted son, and his 2 CONT brother-in-law, Ansegisel, were seized and killed. The family disappeared from 2 CONT politics until Ansegisel's son, Pepin II of Herstal, emerged 14 years later. 1 FAMC @F652@ 0 @I1397@ INDI 1 NAME Maximilian /I/ 1 NAME Maximilian Joseph, Maximilian IV/Joseph/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU first King of Bavaria 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAY 27 1756 2 PLAC Mannheim, Palatinate 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 13 1825 2 PLAC Munich, Germany 1 NOTE The first Wittelsbach elector of Bavaria and the first King of Bavaria, whose 2 CONT alliance with Napoleon I gained him a monarch's crown and enabled him to turn 2 CONT the scattered, poorly maintained Bavarian holdings into a consolidated, 2 CONT modern state. In 1795, he succeeded his older brother as duke of Zweibrucken. 1 FAMS @F654@ 1 FAMC @F655@ 0 @I1398@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Maximilian/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F654@ 0 @I1399@ INDI 1 NAME Prince Frederick /Michael/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F655@ 0 @I1400@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Prince Frederick/Michael/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F655@ 0 @I1401@ INDI 1 NAME Geoffrey IV // 1 NAME Geoffrey /Plantanagenet/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Brittany 1 BIRT 2 DATE SEP 23 1158 1 DEAT 2 DATE C AUG 19 1186 2 PLAC Paris, France 1 NOTE As fourth, but third surviving son, he joined the rebellion against his 2 CONT father, Henry II, led by his eldest brother, Henry, the "Young King, and 2 CONT supported by the rulers of Scotland, France and Flanders. Submitting to his 2 CONT father at Michaelmas in 1174, he was sent back to Brittany, where he 2 CONT proceeded to recover lost ducal estates and subdue rebellious barons. After 2 CONT he married his bethrothed queen in 1181, he fought against brother Richard 2 CONT the Lion-Heart and his father 'til his death largely for possession of Anjou. 1 FAMS @F656@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I1402@ INDI 1 NAME Constance // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F656@ 1 FAMC @F657@ 0 @I1403@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F656@ 0 @I1404@ INDI 1 NAME Arthur /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1186/1187 2 PLAC posthumous son to Geoffrey 1 FAMC @F656@ 0 @I1405@ INDI 1 NAME Conan IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Brittany 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F657@ 0 @I1406@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Conan/ 1 TITL IV 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F657@ 0 @I1407@ INDI 1 NAME Henry the Young/King/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I1408@ INDI 1 NAME William // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Prince 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE He died at the age of three. 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I1409@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F660@ 1 FAMC @F87@ 0 @I1410@ INDI 1 NAME William II the/Good/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1154 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 18 1189 2 PLAC Palermo, Sicily 1 NOTE The last Norman king of Sicily, under regency from 1166, he ruled in person 2 CONT from 1171. He became known as William the Good because of his clemency and 2 CONT justice towards the towns and the barons, in contrast with his father, William 2 CONT I the Bad. William's marriage was childless and he died while planning to 2 CONT join the Third Crusade. 1 FAMS @F658@ 1 FAMC @F661@ 0 @I1411@ INDI 1 NAME Raymond /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU count of Toulouse 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 27 1156 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 1222 2 PLAC Toulouse, France 1 NOTE At first, he tolerated the heretical Cathari in Lanquedoc, then (1209) joined 2 CONT the Albigensian Crusade against them and afterward fought the crusaders to 2 CONT save his own dominions. Twice excommunicated by the church, he was refused 2 CONT Christian burial. 1 FAMS @F659@ 0 @I1412@ INDI 1 NAME Henry III the/Lion/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Saxony 1142-80 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1129/1130 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 06 1195 2 PLAC Brunswick, Saxony (Germany) 1 BURI 2 PLAC cathedral at Brunswick, alongside wife 1 NOTE Henry was a strong supporter of Frederick I of Barbarossa, spending his early 2 CONT years recovering his ancestral lands of Saxony (1142) and Bavaria (1154-56), 2 CONT thereafter founding the city of Munich in 1157, enhancing the position of 2 CONT Lubeck, and greatly extending his territories. He broke with Frederick in 2 CONT 1176, and in consequence was deprived of most of his lands and was exiled 2 CONT twice (1181-85; 1189-90). 1 FAMS @F669@ 1 FAMS @F660@ 1 FAMC @F668@ 0 @I1413@ INDI 1 NAME William I the/Bad/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1120 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 07 1166 2 PLAC Palermo, Sicily 1 NOTE The deaths of three elder brothers made him heir apparent in 1148, and he was 2 CONT crowned on Easter Sunday, April 4th, 1154. An able ruler, he successfully 2 CONT repressed the conspiracies of the barons of his realm; his epithet bestowed 2 CONT on him by his haples enemies. He patronized science and letters and showed 2 CONT religious tolerance; among those who frequented his court were many muslims. 1 FAMS @F661@ 1 FAMC @F666@ 0 @I1414@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of /Navarre/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Oueen consort/regent 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F661@ 0 @I1415@ INDI 1 NAME Roger II // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE DEC 22 1095 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 26 1154 1 REFN 1st king Sicily 1 NOTE He was only nine years old when he succeeded his brother, Simon, as 2 CONT Grand Count of Sicily. His mother, of course, acted as regent during his 2 CONT minority. Later, on Christmas Day, 1130 in the cathedral at Palermo, Roger 2 CONT became the first king of Sicily. He was an intellectual who had thought 2 CONT deeply about the science of Government. In the word of a court geographer, 2 CONT the king "accomplished more in his sleep than others did in their waking 2 CONT day." 1 FAMS @F666@ 1 FAMS @F682@ 1 FAMS @F665@ 1 FAMC @F676@ 0 @I1416@ INDI 1 NAME Beatrice of /Rethel/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F665@ 0 @I1417@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /VI/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Emperor consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1165 2 PLAC Nijmegen, Netherlands (born in the fall) 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 28 1197 2 PLAC Messina, Italy, of malaria 1 NOTE Henry, the German king of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, increased his power 2 CONT and that of his dynasty by his aquisition of the kingdom of Sicily through 2 CONT his marriage to Constance I, posthumous daughter of the Sicilian king, Roger 2 CONT II. Although Henry failed in his objective of making the German crown 2 CONT hereditary, like the Sicilian crown, his son Frederick II, who became king of 2 CONT Sicily immediately after Henry VI"s death, was subsequently elected Holy 2 CONT Roman Emperor. Note: Constance was 11 years older than Henry. 1 FAMS @F664@ 1 FAMC @F663@ 0 @I1418@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of/Roger/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Roger was married three times, but there is nothing found regarding which 2 CONT wife mothered his children except for the mother of Constance. Her mother was 2 CONT Beatrice of Rethel. The other two wives of Roger II were, Elvira, daughter of 2 CONT Alfonso VI of Castile, and Sibyl of Burgundy. 1 FAMS @F666@ 0 @I1421@ INDI 1 NAME Henry X the/Proud/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Saxony/Henry II 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1108 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 20 1139 2 PLAC Quelinburg, Saxony 1 NOTE He was a member of the Welf family, whose policies helped to launch the feud 2 CONT between the Welf and the Hohenstaufen dynasties that was to influence German 2 CONT policies for more than a century. Inheriting the duchy of Saxony on the death 2 CONT of his father-in-law in 1137, a conflict arose with Conrad, on the pretext 2 CONT that it was unlawful for two duchies to be held by the same person. After 2 CONT attempts at a settlement failed, Henry was placed under ban of the empire in 2 CONT 1138 and deprived of Saxony and of Bavaria as well, recovering Saxony later. 1 FAMS @F668@ 0 @I1422@ INDI 1 NAME Gertrude // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Duchess of Bavaria 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair III. 1 FAMS @F668@ 1 FAMC @F835@ 0 @I1423@ INDI 1 NAME Clementia // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Conrad, the duke of Zahringen. Their marriage was 2 CONT disolved in 1162. 1 FAMS @F669@ 0 @I1424@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda of /Boulogne/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Eustace III, the count of Boulogne. 1 FAMS @F670@ 0 @I1425@ INDI 1 NAME Eustace IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU count of Bologne 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C AUG 17 1153 2 PLAC near Bury St. Edmunds, Sullolk, England 1 NOTE Having married Constance, daughter of King Louis VII of France, Louis used 2 CONT him several times as an opponet to the claims on the Norman duchy made by the 2 CONT count of Anjou. Stephen, father of Eustace, was unsuccessful in gaining the 2 CONT throne of England for Eustace, whom contemporaries respected only as a 2 CONT soldier. Eustace was killed while plundering the abbey of Bury St. Edmunds in 2 CONT Suffolk. His death made possible a settlement of the civil war between 2 CONT Stephen and the empress Matilda, mother of Henry II. 1 FAMS @F671@ 1 FAMC @F670@ 0 @I1426@ INDI 1 NAME Constance // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU countess of Bologne 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F671@ 1 FAMC @F545@ 0 @I1427@ INDI 1 NAME Henry of /Blois/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU bishop of Winchester 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1099 1 DEAT 2 DATE AUG 08 1129 2 PLAC Winchester, Hampshire, England 1 NOTE He was largely instrumental in having his brother, Stepen of Blois, recognized 2 CONT as king of England (1135). As the 4th son of this family, he received high 2 CONT ecclesiastical office: abbot of Glastonbury from 1126 and bishop of 2 CONT Winchester, the richest see in England. Henry was a capable soldier and a 2 CONT patron of the arts as well as a churchman. 1 FAMC @F591@ 0 @I1428@ INDI 1 NAME mistress of Henry/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU mistress?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F672@ 0 @I1429@ INDI 1 NAME Robert // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Earl of Glouchester 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1090 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 31 1147 1 NOTE Illegitimate son of Henry I, he became the chief supporter of the royal 2 CONT claimant Matilda during her war with King Stephen of England. In February 2 CONT 1141 he captured Stephen and imprisoned him in Bristol. Later that year 2 CONT Robert was captured and exchanged for King Stephen. The 12th-century 2 CONT chroniclers considered Robert an able and sagacious leader. 1 FAMC @F672@ 0 @I1430@ INDI 1 NAME Roger of /Apulia/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Duke of Apulia 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F674@ 1 FAMC @F682@ 0 @I1432@ INDI 1 NAME mistress of Roger of/Apulia/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU mistress ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F674@ 0 @I1433@ INDI 1 NAME Tancred /I/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 20 1194 1 NOTE An illegitimate son of Duke Roger of Apulia and grandson of Roger II, his 2 CONT brief reign marked the end of the Norman rule in Sicily. Tancred joined an 2 CONT insurrection against his uncle William I of Sicily in 1155 and was imprisoned 2 CONT for five years. Released, he participated in another abortive coup in 1161 2 CONT and went into exile. 13 years later he was forgiven by William II and found 2 CONT himself heir upon the death of William II. Opposed by the barons but backed 2 CONT by the people and papacy, he was crowned king in 1190. See William III. 1 FAMS @F675@ 1 FAMC @F674@ 0 @I1434@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Tancred/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F675@ 0 @I1435@ INDI 1 NAME William III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU prince/heir 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE C 1195 2 PLAC Germany, likely murdered in prison 1 NOTE In 1191, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI made an attempt to gain the throne of 2 CONT Sicily, his campaign partly financed by ranson paid for Richard the 2 CONT Lion-Heart who had been held prisoner in Germany. Before reaching Sicily, 2 CONT Tancred died suddenly leaving only a young son, William III. The barons 2 CONT rallied to Henry, who was crowned on Christmas day, 1194. Tancred's family 2 CONT was promised safe conduct but was seized and made captive in Germany, and 2 CONT William was likely murdered there, ending the 125-year Norman rule of Sicily. 1 FAMC @F675@ 0 @I1436@ INDI 1 NAME Roger /I/ 1 NAME Roger /Guiscard/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Count of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1031 2 PLAC Normandy, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 22 1101 2 PLAC Mileto, Calabria (Italy) 1 NOTE Roger went to Italy to aid his brother Robert in his conquest of Calabria 2 CONT from the Byznatines (1060), then capturing Palermo in 1072. In 1098 Roger 2 CONT received the title of apostolic legate from Pope Urban II, which gave him 2 CONT control of the church of Sicily. At his death, Roger had created a 2 CONT centralized, efficient government, where his authority of the count was 2 CONT unchallenged. He was a ruler for whom diplomacy was more of a natural weapon 2 CONT than the sword, and gold, a more effective currency than blood. 1 FAMS @F676@ 1 FAMC @F677@ 0 @I1437@ INDI 1 NAME Adelaide of /Savona/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Her son, Roger II, had hated the Frankish ruler of Jerusalem ever since his 2 CONT mother's disastrous remarriage to King Baldwin. Besides, most of Roger's 2 CONT Sicilian subjects were Muslims and toleration was the cornerstone of his 2 CONT kingdom. 1 FAMS @F676@ 1 FAMS @F681@ 0 @I1438@ INDI 1 NAME Simon // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Grand Count of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE SEP 28 1105 1 NOTE He succeeded his father, and his brother, Roger I, age nine, followed Simon, 2 CONT as Grand Count of Sicily. 1 FAMC @F676@ 0 @I1439@ INDI 1 NAME Robert /Guiscard/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Apulia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1015 2 PLAC Normandy, France 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUL 17 1085 2 PLAC near Cephalonia, Greece/Byzantine Empire 1 NOTE He was a Norman adventurer who settled in Apulia, in southern Italy, about 2 CONT 1047 and became duke of Apulia (1059). Eventually, he extended Norman rule 2 CONT over Naples, Calabria, and Sicily and laid the foundations of the kingdom of 2 CONT Sicily. He was born into a family of knights, and the southern regions of 2 CONT Italy were attracted by hordes of fortune-seeking Norman immigrants, who were 2 CONT to transorm the political role of both regions. Robert: physically attractive, 2 CONT endowed with acute unscrupulous intelligence; strategist and statesman. 1 FAMS @F678@ 1 FAMS @F679@ 1 FAMC @F677@ 0 @I1440@ INDI 1 NAME Tancred of /Hauteville/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU minor Norman lord 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The wars fought by the Hauteville family contributed to a steady reduction of 2 CONT Muslim and Byzantine power in the region. In their conquered territories the 2 CONT Hauteville descendants established strong states that were organized 2 CONT according to hierarchical feudal norms. Freedom of religious worship was 2 CONT widely permitted. Tancred's three sons were among the Norman knights who 2 CONT flocked to southern Italy early in the 11th century. Serving as mercenaries 2 CONT at first, they soon began to seize lands for themselves. 1 FAMS @F680@ 1 FAMS @F677@ 0 @I1441@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd wife of Tancred of/Hauteville/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F677@ 0 @I1442@ INDI 1 NAME Alberada // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Robert "dissolved" this first marriage to marry the sister of Salerno's last 2 CONT Lombard prince, Gisulf II, as a way to expand his territory without fighting 2 CONT the neighboring territories. 1 FAMS @F678@ 0 @I1443@ INDI 1 NAME Sigelgaita // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the sister of the Lombard prince Gisulf II of Salerno. 1 FAMS @F679@ 0 @I1444@ INDI 1 NAME 1st wife of Tancred of/Hauteville/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F680@ 0 @I1445@ INDI 1 NAME William /Hauteville/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Norman Knight 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE One of the original three brothers who started a Norman conquest of the 2 CONT southern regions of Italy and Sicily in the 11th century. Brothers Drogo and 2 CONT Humphrey were the other two original brothers. Later, half-brothers Robert 2 CONT and Roger followed. 1 FAMC @F680@ 0 @I1446@ INDI 1 NAME Drogo /Hauteville/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Norman knight 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F680@ 0 @I1447@ INDI 1 NAME Humprey /Hauteville/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU Norman knight 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F680@ 0 @I1448@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin I of/Jerusalem/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Jeruselem 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F681@ 0 @I1449@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd wife of/Roger/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F682@ 0 @I1450@ INDI 1 NAME 1st mistress of/Frederick/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU mistress ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F683@ 0 @I1451@ INDI 1 NAME Roger /Borsa/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU duke of Apulia 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1060 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1111 1 NOTE His succession to his father's lands and title led to a conflict with his 2 CONT brother Bohemond de Hauteville in 1085. Roger, a weak ruler, in spite of the 2 CONT support of the pope and of count Roger, presided over the gradual 2 CONT disintegration of the duchy of Apulia. The quarrel with his brother continued 2 CONT until 1095, when Bohemond left on crusade. 1 FAMC @F679@ 0 @I1452@ INDI 1 NAME Guy // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMC @F679@ 0 @I1453@ INDI 1 NAME Bohemond /I/ 1 NAME Marc of /Otranto/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU prince of Otranto 1089-11 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1050/1058 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAR 07 1111 1 NOTE One of the leaders of the First Crusade, who conquered Antioch on June 03, 2 CONT 1098. Ideally tall - a strong knight - he was "a wonderful spectacle," in the 2 CONT words of a contemporary. For more than three decades he was rival to Alexius 2 CONT I Comnenus, ruler of the Byzantine Empire who challenged the Normans. 2 CONT Nicknamed for a giant, he had fought against gigantic odds, and at death 2 CONT bequeathed one of the important crusader states, Antioch. History records him 2 CONT as a handsome man, a warrior of Genius, and a gifted diplomat. 1 FAMS @F684@ 1 FAMC @F678@ 0 @I1454@ INDI 1 NAME Constance // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU duchess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of King Philip I of France. She bore Bohemond two 2 CONT sons, one of whom became prince of Antioch ( names unknown and not entered in 2 CONT this family tree to date). 1 FAMS @F684@ 1 FAMC @F546@ 0 @I1455@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Frederick/I/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen/Empress consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F663@ 0 @I1456@ INDI 1 NAME Conrad IV // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily from 1251 1 BIRT 2 DATE APR 25 1228 2 PLAC Andria, Italy 1 DEAT 2 DATE MAY 21 1254 2 PLAC Lavello 1 NOTE Conrad was heir to the kingdom of Jerusalem through his mother, Isabella de 2 CONT Brenne, and duke of Swabia in 1235. He replaced his half-brother Henry VII as 2 CONT King of the Romans, Henry having rebelled against their father, Frederick II, 2 CONT in 1235. When his father died later in 1250, William of Holland forced Conrad 2 CONT to abandon Germany for Sicily, when he took the title of King of Sicily in 2 CONT 1251. 1 FAMS @F685@ 1 FAMC @F616@ 0 @I1457@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of King Otto II of Bavaria. 1 FAMS @F685@ 0 @I1458@ INDI 1 NAME 2nd mistress of/Frederick/ 1 TITL II 1 SEX F 1 OCCU 2nd mistress ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F687@ 0 @I1459@ INDI 1 NAME Manfred // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1232 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 26 1266 2 PLAC near Benevento, Naples in battle 1 NOTE Effectively king of Sicily from 1258, during a period of civil wars and 2 CONT succession disputed between imperial claimants and the House of Anjou. Pope 2 CONT Alexander IV offered the Sicilian crown to Charles of Anjou, who sailed for 2 CONT Rome in May 1265. Manfred, having failed to prevent Charles's army from 2 CONT joining the papal army, was defeated and killed in battle near Benevento. 1 FAMS @F688@ 1 FAMC @F687@ 0 @I1460@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund // 1 NAME Crouchback // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU titular King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE JAN 16 1245 2 PLAC London, England 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 05 1296 2 PLAC Bayonne, France 1 NOTE Upon the death of Conrad IV in 1254, Pope Urban IV invested Edmund, son of 2 CONT King Henry III of England, with the Sicilian kingdom in April of 1255. A papal 2 CONT army entered the kingdom, but Manfred resisted successfully and was 2 CONT crowned king of Sicily at Palermo on August 10, 1258. Edmund, age 10 when he 2 CONT was appointed by the pope, was never more than an absentee titular king. 2 CONT Edmund was, however, a crusader and made the earl of Leicester, and Earl of 2 CONT Lancaster, as well as lieutenant of Gascony. 1 FAMS @F758@ 1 FAMC @F84@ 0 @I1461@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Manfred/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F688@ 0 @I1463@ INDI 1 NAME Conradin // 1 NAME Conrad /V/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of the Romans 1 BIRT 2 DATE MAR 25 1252 2 PLAC Wolfstein, Swabia (Germany) 1 DEAT 2 DATE OCT 29 1268 2 PLAC Naples (Italy), beheaded 1 NOTE He was the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty as claimant to the throne 2 CONT of Sicily. As leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an 2 CONT expedition into Italy (1267) in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from 2 CONT Charles of Anjou (France). After claiming inheritance of the kingdom of 2 CONT Sicily, his uncle, Manfred, illegitimate son of Frederick II, usurped the 2 CONT Sicilian throne in 1258. In the expedition of 1267, Conradin was arrested & 2 CONT tried, then beheaded for treason to the church and to the king in 1268. 1 FAMC @F685@ 0 @I1464@ INDI 1 NAME William of /Holland/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU count of Holland 1247 on 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1228 1 DEAT 2 DATE JAN 28 1256 2 PLAC near Hoogwoude, Holland, killed battling 1 NOTE He was elected by the pope to succeed as antiking in opposition to Conrad IV 2 CONT and, subsequently, gained general recognition. He was made Floris IV, count 2 CONT of Floris in 1234, as well as elected king of the Romans in 1247, succeeding 2 CONT his father Henry Raspe who had died on February 16, 1247. 1 FAMC @F690@ 0 @I1465@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Raspe/ 1 SEX M 1 OCCU German antiking of Romans 1 BIRT 2 DATE C 1202 1 DEAT 2 DATE FEB 16 1247 2 PLAC Warburg, Thuringia 1 REFN See #1304 1 NOTE Henry was simply used by Pope Innocent IV in an attempt to oust the 2 CONT Hohenstaufen dynasty from Germany. 1 FAMS @F690@ 1 FAMS @F689@ 0 @I1466@ INDI 1 NAME Gertrude // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU princess 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE The sister of the childless Frederick of Austria 1 FAMS @F689@ 0 @I1467@ INDI 1 NAME wife of Henry/Raspe/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F690@ 0 @I1468@ INDI 1 NAME Frederick III // 1 SEX M 1 OCCU King of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1272 1 DEAT 2 DATE JUN 25 1337 2 PLAC Paterno, Sicily 1 NOTE He was appointed king of Sicily by his brother James II of Aragon to prevent 2 CONT the island's return to the Angevin Charles II of Naples. Frederick called 2 CONT himself the III to revive the Ghibelline tradition of the Holy Roman Emperors 2 CONT Frederick I and II. A war with Naples and the papacy followed. By a peace 2 CONT agreement, it was agreed that Frederick should be allowed to retain the title 2 CONT of "king of Trinacria" until his death, when the island would revert back to 2 CONT the Angevins, but hostilities resumed & Frederick named his son successor. 1 FAMS @F691@ 1 FAMC @F366@ 0 @I1469@ INDI 1 NAME wife of /Frederick/ 1 TITL III 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F691@ 0 @I1470@ INDI 1 NAME Mary // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen of Sicily 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1401 1 NOTE When her father died in 1337, he left her as his heiress. There was a long 2 CONT period of disorder, for Peter IV of Aragon claimed the crown for himself on 2 CONT the grounds that females were excluded from succession to the Sicilian crown. 2 CONT Mary went through a series of abductions. Peter, however, in the face of 2 CONT objections from the papacy and from the Angevins, ceded his pretensions to 2 CONT his son, Martin, whose own son was to marry Mary, the new Queen of Sicily. 2 CONT When Mary died in 1401, Martin reigned as King of Sicily, not as consort. 1 FAMS @F371@ 1 FAMC @F691@ 0 @I1471@ INDI 1 NAME Beatriz // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of King Ferdinand of Portugal. When Ferdinanc died in 2 CONT 1383, John endeavored to enforce the claims of Beatriz, the only heir of 2 CONT Portugal, but was utterly defeated in 1385. 1 FAMS @F692@ 1 FAMC @F733@ 0 @I1472@ INDI 1 NAME Violante // 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 FAMS @F693@ 0 @I1473@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche /de Bourbon/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU Queen consort 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE She was the daughter of Pierre, duc de Bourbon, whom Peter was "forced" to 2 CONT marry but abandoned her immediately after the wedding, rupturing the 2 CONT Franco-Castilian alliance. See Maria de Padilla. 1 FAMS @F694@ 0 @I1474@ INDI 1 NAME Maria /de Padilla/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU ?? 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1361 1 NOTE When Peter abandoned Blanche de Bourbon, he was already passionately in love 2 CONT with the beautiful Maria, who was to remain his mistress, and perhaps his 2 CONT legal wife(??), until her death in 1361. 1 FAMS @F695@ 0 @I1475@ INDI 1 NAME Lucrezia /de Alagno/ 1 SEX F 1 OCCU mistress 1 BIRT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 DEAT 2 DATE DATE UNK 1 NOTE Modern Spanish historians are less enthusastic about any accomplishments of 2 CONT Alfonso's, blaming him for occupying him